I Love Those Lips, But Those Lips Belong to Another :: Personal Narrative, essay about myself

Recently I came across two arches. They were alive and in eonian motion. First they told me life might get interesting. Then they showed me that life was going to get really good. Then after leaving me with an odd sense of power, they verbalize bye, now life is sad. Its movements resembled that of a shape-shifter causing the creation of circles, ellipses, and a mixture of feelings. These were the actions of a pair of lips belonging to a vision of beauty. When I first adage them they were in their top form. They gave me a make a face. The execution of the grin forced the bottom arch to push from the top corners upwards on to the upper arch. Consequentially, they caused my lips to do the same. The metier was light but was still able to cause the words nice to meet you to float into my mind and back into hers. The smile, though light, wasnt like the ones that are practically in response to a frivolous or corny joke, accompanied by a lack of energy. It was a creation of a divine entity perhaps God, maybe a god, or maybe a master painter. They were almost frozen together, the lower mimicking the slow rise of the upper one, gaining strength from the power of my stare. The smile became larger. Was I the only one who noticed? It was musical and soothing. The smile was her rhythmic way of singing Smile, darn ya smilei. There could be nothing more(prenominal) uplifting than Sammy Davis Jr. telling you the ... humans is a great world after all... with his foot tapping action in the background. I guess she did not mean this world because her smile was causing my temporary lapse into another. This was how she planned to make my ...life worth while. She, like Sammy, knew that there was a great attachment between the smile and joy. That smile was going to tell the world that nothing could hold you back, the world would halt just to admire the stride of confidence. That smile knew a lot. It was able to impart a wonderful concept without any words or any movements. N ow rich with new knowledge I realized that she could have given me no greater gift. I was amazed by the dynamic evolution of the arches in what seemed to be hours.

US Government Misinterprets Ugandan HIV/AIDS Success Story :: Essays Papers

US brass Misinterprets Ugandan human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS Success StoryThe United States Government should embrace a comprehensive HIV prevention policy that emphasizes condom use, quite than the current policy which is largely based on misinterpretations of the Ugandan HIV success story. According to the United States Agency for International Development (USAID)which manages most of President Bushs Emergency Plan for AIDSin 1991, 15 percent of Ugandans were infected with HIV. By 2001, the rate was 5 percent, a drop unmatched anywhere in the world. How this was done and what this means for the shape of Washingtons programs to fight AIDS overseas has been tragically misinterpreted by the US Government. According to Dr. Justin Parkhurst, who wrote his dissertation on Ugandan HIV prevention policy at the University of Oxford, Uganda was prosperous for reasons different than the US Government officials would have you believe. A frequent mistake, he said, is the notion that declined prevalence was due to a few specific interventions by the Ugandan government. He emphasized that the government was but one playeramong numerous NGOs, church groups, community activistsin the fight against the virus. He also emphasizes that condom use, rather than continence and being faithful, was the most important behavior change that influenced declined HIV prevalence. Unfounded claims of Ugandan success have persisted in international policy discourse, he noted. Although the Ugandan experience could provide invaluable information to former(a) nations in their prevention efforts, he said, inappropriate recommendations based on poor interpretations of evidence mustiness not be used as the basis for policy. Such misguided policy pervades the US Governments HIV prevention activities. While the theater director of UNAIDS-Uganda, Dr. Ruben de Robiene, commented, I dont know what the Uganda Model is, no one knows, the religious right within the US Government is convi nced that it knows Ugandas secret abstinence and being faithful. According to a USAID report, Condom social marketing did not play a major role in Ugandas relative success. Dr. Anne Peterson, a physician and the USAID director of global health who is responsible for overseeing US anti-HIV programs, says, Kids are willing and able to abstain from sex. The core of Ugandas success story is immense A, big B and little C. Dr. Peterson said the USs HIV prevention policy is not an ideological balm for religious conservatives or any other group beholden to the Bush administration.

Harvest of Shame †Massacre of the Orchard :: Personal Narrative Writing

Harvest of Shame Massacre of the OrchardAs plantations go, it in reality wasnt much especi eachy considering the grand scale of the orchards that dotted the region. Where the latter were measured in thousands of trees, or thousands of bushels per acre, the former was merely thirty-two trees. Thirty-two trees . . . really, if the question arose, that was the only way you could desex it. Obviously you couldnt say there were four-thousand Macintosh trees, or that it yielded two-thousand bushels per acre, because all it had was thirty-two trees and some of those trees were pear, cherry, plum and peach trees besides. On top of that, talking of yield was really an embarrassment since birds ate virtually all the cherries, the plums were diseased, and, for the most part, the species of the bulk of the apples were never conclusively identified. But, it was an orchard nonetheless, and not everyone had such a thing. Realistically, the thing was a put out to own. Domesticated fruit trees h ave a proclivity to become wild. They require constant and proper attention to maintain them to any fruit bearing capacity. If you did contest the pruning aspect properly (which, though attempted on a regular basis, never quite happened), the various insects that sought them out as a source of nourishment and shelter were legion. If by some happenstance the trees did produce mature fruit, unscathed by the insect hordes, you had to wage a contest with all sorts of winged beasts for the honor of the prize. (Contest? For all intents and purposes it was a war.) If that wasnt enough, trying to mow the lawn was a real ordeal. Thirty-two tree trunks were obstacle enough to negotiate furnish to that the multiplicity of branches that hung low enough to snag you by the eye sockets as you rode by, it made each mowing an adventure. In retrospect, for all the work that went into the orchard, the only things it produced were fat birds and commodious pigs (they sometimes escaped their pasture a nd inevitably ended up in the orchard munching apples)-one cannot recall even one pie from its offerings. In spite of all those annoyances, the orchard offered a perfect environment for a growing boy to explore and live every adventure one of such stature could imagine. As such things go, it was paradise it was isolated, there was an overgrown patch of land adjacent to it that started at the same level as the orchard but started to slope until it was a foreshorten drop of some twelve feet by the time it reached the back of the orchard.

Codeine :: essays research papers

Codeine Codeine is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. It is rapidly distributed from the intravascular spaces to the various body tissues, with preferential economic consumption by parenchymatous organs such as the liver, spleen and kidney. Codeine crosses the blood- fountainhead barrier, and is found in fetal tissue and breast milk. The plasma concentration does not correlate with brain concentration or relief of pain however, codeine is not bound to plasma proteins and does not accumulate in body tissues. Treatment A single or multiple overdose with acetaminophen and codeine is a potentially lethal polydrug overdose, and consultation with a regional poison control center is recommended. Signs and SymptomsCodeine Toxicity from codeine poisoning includes the opioid threesome of pinpoint pupils, depression of respiration, and loss of consciousness. Convulsions may occur. WHY is this drug prescribed?Codeine is used, usually in combination with other medications, to r educecoughing that does not advance sputum or mucus. It is also used for reliefof mild to moderate pain. When used for pain, codeine is usually used withaspirin and sometimes caffeine.WHEN should it be used?Codeine is usually taken every four to six hours as needed. Follow thedirections on your prescription chase after carefully, and ask your apothecaryor fix to explain either part that you do not understand.HOW should it be used?Codeine is available, alone or with other medications, in tablets,capsules, and liquid to be taken by mouth. Your prescription label tellsyou how much to take at each dose. The liquid should be shaken well beforeeach use to mix the medicine evenly. Ask your pharmacist for a speciallymarked measuring spoon to be sure of an accurate dose. Do not take to a greater extent ofthis drug than prescribed by your doctor. Serious side effects can occur,especially in children who take too much. Adults giving this medication toa child should be careful to channel the correct dose and not to give it moreoften than prescribed by the doctor. For a cough, patients older than 12years should not take more than 120 mg of codeine a day. Children six to12 years old should not take more than 60 mg a day. A doctor should decidehow much codeine can be taken by a child two to five years old. This drugshould not be prone to children younger than two years.Abuse and Dependence Codeine can produce drug dependence of the morphine type and, therefore, has the potential for being abused. Psychological dependence, physical dependence, and leeway may develop upon repeated administration and it should be prescribed and administered with the same degree of caution appropriate to the use of other oral narcotic medications.

The Nine Guardians Essay -- Literary Analysis, The Church, Indigenous

The story of the Nine Guardians takes place during the presidency of Lazaro Cardenas between 1934 and 1940. Lazaro Cardenas instituted the agrarian crystalize to break up the large ranches owned by the elite class and end the state of peonage in which the Indians on the ranch lived. President Cardenas government inappropriate the Catholic Church as it was believed to be the vehicle of superstition as well as the ally of the old regime. (Mason 1962, p80) The Churches were closed and many priest befogged their lives for saying Mass. (Nicholson 1992 p 9) Women were allowed to clean the relics once per month (p 43)Catholic conservative rebel groups Cristeros were operating in many parts of the State to defend the interest of the Church, which for the most part coincided with those of the landlords. The Cristeros bands were mainly composed of resident Hacienda workers who were stirred to rebellion by their and maintained in arms by their landlords. Economically dependant on the Haci enda system, the priest were not only the intellectual instigator of the revolt, but frequently were its military leaders. They taught that land distribution was contrary to the will of God and that the peon owed his landlord implicit obedience. (Huizer, year, p125) To wear oneself out fighting against this iniquitous and senseless persecution, p 234. Since the Church was under persecution from President Cardenas government Mass had to be said in secret. Amalia risks imprisonment by allowing her shoes to be used as a religious coming together place. The story depicts the injustices experienced by both women of the land owning class and the indigenous people. Lazaro Cardenas instituted agrarian reforms that would avail the Indian population. The large ranches of land owning el... ... god. Religious meeting were held in secrecy in the homes of members of the church, mainly female members of the church. Amalia risked her freedom by holding a meeting in her home. (p232) Both the Ladinos and the Indians believed that they were being punished by their gods for the sufferings they experienced. The Mayans believed that they were being punished by their gods for the suffering their people were experiencing at the hands of the Europeans. They came, who were destined to come haughty and hard of manner and strong of voice, such were the instruments of our chiding. (Castellanos, year, p 56) The religious rites and customs practised by the indigenous people were constructed by Europeans as lies and deceptions which the commove had invented (Tignor et al 2002, p97) They were to worship only the Christian God instead of bowing to their many idols.

The Impact of the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Essay -- American History

During the early 1900s industrial fires or accidents were common place injuries and the loss of life may have outraged a few nation but handle all tragedies the outrage would pass quickly and it would back to business as usual. One such tragedy occurred on Satur twenty-four hour period, March 25th, 1911, it was resolution time at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory and hundreds of employees were preparing to leave when a fire broke out on the 8th floor trapping Judaic and Italian immigrants, the majority of them young women. One hundred and forty-six people died in futile attempts to escape the burning ten story building. The main doors were during the day kept locked and only one doorway was opened for the hundreds of employees to file out, one by one, as their belongings were searched for pilfered goods. Blanck and Harris, owners of the Triangle Shirtwaist factory, faced no consequences in regards to the unsafe working environment and the death of their employees. David von Drehle, in his book, Triangle, The Fire That Changed America, states that this particular fire changed the political and industrial landscape of the United States it was no longer handle by the working masses nor was it quickly dismissed by the public - the public consisted of a huge immigration population from Europe, the transfer of hollow condition and brain power that eventually lead to womens striking in the garment industry and setting a precedent in New York (Triangle, 3, 4). several(prenominal) groups like the moneyed, educated elite women, the muckrakers, the Labor Unions, and the political machines that controlled neighborhoods of New York pushed for political, economic, and legal changes to the industrial systems - in a democratic social time of reform they were like much welcomed rain ... ...kers from hazardous environments.The changes after the Triangle Shirtwaist fire involved 4 main groups and public voters. No single group simply had the far reaching effects like the progressive movement, politically liberal and socially democratic. Without all four groups putting pressure on the legal system, the media exposing the flaws of the on-line(prenominal) industrial, political system along with the uprising that is the beginning of womens suffrage, the labor laws would not have undergone the radical changes that are the backbone of modern day labor laws. The fact all doors must remain open and unlocked during business hours, in 21st century America, arose from the ashes of the fatal Triangle Shirtwaist fire, To the deceased, American manufacturing employees are grateful, though they may not be entirely knowledgeable about the origins of their current labor laws.

Adultery and Society Essay

Much has already been said ab knocked out(p) Couples hindquarters Updikes polemic 1968 legend about the lives and indiscretions of well-to-do couples living in the suburban town of Tarbox, Boston. At head start glance, the report may seem like a run of the mill erotic sweet tawdry and titillating, but nonhing more. This was, in fact, the common perception that greeted the novel on its debut in 1968, hence its notoriety as a controversial novel. Much of its hype, however, is not lost, considering the amount of sex illicit and otherwise that graces the pages of the novel, as well as the forthright manner with which Updike boldly discusses these activities.Scandal and notoriety prevented a proper and contextual understanding of Updikes novel, leaving it languishing in literary purgatory. In m, however, with the changes in society and modern views on sex, Updikes Couples has, to some degree, been resurrected and reevaluated with a different perspective and question of view . Though still shocking in its extensive discussion of adultery and lecherous behavior in general, the novel has in the long run emerged from under its tag as a bawdy piece of B-rated literature to become i of Updikes signature novels.No longer viewed as eroticized sensationalism, the novel is now seen as a representation of Updikes around striking leitmotif suburban adultery. If not erotica for eroticisms sake, what then is the central thought in Updikes Couples? Such is the question that this paper now intends to answer. This paper posits that John Updikes Couples reflects the collapse of traditional values in the position of modernity particularly in the former(a) 1960s. With the parameters of informality shattered by the advent of birth control, wealthy men and women living the perfect life argon actually virtuously in disarray.Society, despite its charming and urbane facade, is in reality rotting away and slowly experiencing a moral decay. The beauty of suburb and its polished citizens stand in sharp contrast to the breakdown of social norms and propriety. Such is the theme of John Updikes Couples. To prove so, it is necessary to first forecast into the writer himself, John Updike. Much of his writings reflect his personalized opinions, of course, and understanding the writer will most certainly provide a better contextual understanding of the novel.Moreover, it is necessary that a discussion of the era (early 1960s, under the Kennedy administration) be conducted in order to fullyy relay the circumstances that give way to the morally reprehensible system established by the titular couples. Lastly, this paper shall look into the juxtaposition of aesthetics (the beauty of both the people and the suburban town they inhabit) and the icky structure of banality they unbiddenly cling to. These atomic number 18 the significant aspects of John Updikes Couples that shall be discussed.First of all, who was John Updike? Little is known about Updikes c hildhood, except that he was born(p) to a middle class Pennsylvania family in 1932. John Updikes interest in writing began with his mothers instructions, herself a prolific writer. His mothers influence proved intense and enduring, giving him the strength and courage to continue with writing. condescension the lack of sufficient cash in hand for his education, Updikes talents received recognition and earned him a full scholarship at Harvard University, where he joined the Harvard Lampoon.Upon graduation, he joined the New Yorker, which published his first story, Friends from Philadelphia, in 1954. The story would in brief be followed by several more of his writings, all published through the New Yorker. By the end of the 1950s, Updike was reaping the fruits of a booming literary cargoner (Pritchard 2000, p. 2). It was not, however, his writing technique that caught the fancy of critics. Though fluid and never boring, it is not his efficient style that gained support for John Up dike.Unfortunately, his choice of pendant matter overshadowed his style of writing, essentially giving way to the controversial tag. Couples is just one example of his unique point of view and manner of describing even the most intimate of details (Amidon 2005, p. 51). The mention and overt discussion of sex remained quite touchy, if not entirely taboo, even as society during the 1960s had significantly modernized. The arrange of his controversial topics, however, had led to a period wherein his writings were shunned, to a certain degree, and remained misclassified as bawdy erotica.Suburban adultery, a topic most associated with John Updike, is born of his own experiences in grappling with the temptations of sex and desire. The writing of the novel Couples came at a time when he was completely confused in his personal life, particularly with regards to his wedlock. Updike was in the middle of a passionate fill in affair and was, in fact, contemplating filing for a divorce. In th e end, he decided not to stir up through with the plan for divorce (Pritchard 2000, p. 119).The topic, therefore, is described vividly in every scene of the novel, reflecting Updikes own struggle with his inner demons and the destruction of the institution of marriage before his very eyes. The crumbling of his own marriage proved to be the very basis of Couples. To Updike, a certain degree of the story of a failed marriage is doleful magic (Pritchard 2000, p. 124). Extramarital relations for Updike are not erotic, despite the manner with which he describes the sexual activities of his characters in the novel.Rather than titillating, the goal of Updikes prose is to portray the vacuum that these affairs and illicit relationships cause. There is no desire to eroticize or sexualize the characters the idea is to present the weaknesses of their personalities and the ramifications of unbridled desire. It is not specifically aiming for preaching either, focusing just on the emotional ho llowness that gives birth to the seed of lust and temptations in the first place. As Updike himself explains, his idea of sex in his literary achievements is far from measuredly erotic.Rather, the idea is to create a portrait wherein sex is a tool it is a means by which Updike indicts the weaknesses of societys moral fiber. As he said of sex in his writings in an interview with CNN, Ive seen it said of my work that its anti-aphrodisiac, that it doesnt that my descriptions of sex doesnt turn you on. just now theyre not really meant to do that. I mean, sex described in detail is not a turn-on (Austin 1998). Updike is far from a prude, true, provided his writings are not erotic for eroticisms sake.The goal is to present moral weaknesses, not join banality. Unlike the earlier accusation of critics, the story of Couples is far from erotic, despite its routine use of sexual scenes and explicit activities. The story revolves around the lives of several couples living in an upscale par ticipation in Tarbox a fictional suburb located in Boston. These young couples live wealthy lifestyles and have enough time on their hands to fool around. Piet Hanema, for example, is a in series(p) adulterer. He has trysts with Foxy, as well as with several more of the novels women.His decadence is scarcely one of the morally bankrupt scenes in the story. It is not just Piet, though, who experiences a life of immorality and lack of a moral center. The couples engage in wife-swapping activities, such as in the case of the Applebys and the Little-smiths. None of the members of the community are entirely above the erotic rondalla, sending everyone in the community into a moral tailspin. In the end, however, it is Piet and his mistress Foxy who are cast out from the lot. Piet, since the beginning of the novel, is insistent on gaining lightendom from his marriage.Though initially not bent towards the destruction of his own marriage, in the end, Piet divorces his wife Angela and his thrown out of the flatcar with his mistress. As Greiner (1984) points out, lovers are drawn as much to what destroys marriage as to what supports it (p. 146). They are far from completely beyond the trappings of love, hence its effect as a double- edged sword. While it is love that bound two souls together under the sacrament of marriage in the first place, it is also love or whatever passes for it that successfully questions the sacrament and stands as a threat to its stability.Despite accepting the sacrament of marriage and his chained life, Piet needs and wants room, seeking sex and love from elsewhere despite his wifes presence. There is a need to hone his skills as an illicit lover, and the adrenaline rush of such relationships do exist. And barely despite their illicit activities and immoral actions, Updike refuses to view his characters as villains. They are far from perfect, given their morally unstable relationships, and they are all tottering over the edge of hell with t heir hypocritical Presybterian lives.None of them truly lives up to the Christian ideals, and they can be described as having their own religion the religion of sex and lust. Despite these errors and flaws, however, the characters are not evil per se. They are, rather, personifications of Updikes understanding of suburbia and the moral decay that goes on behind the facade of wealth and propriety. They are weak, not evil, and are merely caught in the struggle to keep up with the liberal times even with the significant changes in society during this period (Greiner 1984, p. 148).Unfortunately, the highlighting of adulterous Tarbox soon became news across every home in the United States. Rather than view the sublime veins incorporated in Updikes novel, it was soon branded sensationalized and controversial. Protests emerged, decrying Updikes use of explicit words and graphic portrayal of sex. Perhaps most important of these criticisms, however, may be Anatole Broyards criticism of Piet Hanema, noting that there could be no sympathy for a fornicator (Greiner 1984, p. 149). In this the critics see the point of Updikes novel, yet completely miss it as wellTo classify Updikes novel as no more than a potboiler is to ignore its finer and slight prominent points. To m both, the adulterous activities and their graphic descriptions are the core of the novel. Looking past beyond such however, is the only way to find the true meaning of Updikes Couples. In the military personnel of Tarbox, sex is just another ordinary day. Despite their immersion with it, sex is not the core of the community. It is, of course, an ironic glue that brings various couples together and inevitably unhinges them when the time comes.The characters are simply wandering from one relationship to another, in search not of true love, but of companionship and momentary beauty. Rather than portray the couples as treacherous villains determined to subvert the values of the day, Updike presents them as brats unvoluntary to succumb to the demands of married life. The central invention of their lives is fun, and with the end of each day, beyond the trappings of the suburban community, husband and wife find themselves alone with the bills, the children, the end food and the dishes to wash.To a certain degree, such a relationship is less exciting and not quite as desirable as spending time with the equally bored neighbors (Grenier, 1984, p. 151). The couples, therefore, are far from total villains and much easier to understand as adults with the minds of young children, unwilling accept responsibility yet entirely willing to pursue the cult of fun. To say that they are the product of a determinedly lost generation is to heap unnecessary blame on the characters. It is not that they pre-eminently wished for the structure of such a morally reprehensible situation.The issues in the novel are, in fact, the product of the times. The characters are merely swept up in the current, succee ding(a) the ever-changing values and transitional problems that occur when modernity clashes with traditional values. There are changes in society, with growing wealth and scientific advances, and it is simply not affirmable to ignore the changes the characters succumb to the call of the wild despite their surface urbanity. As mentioned earlier, it is not an innate evilness that Updike wishes to uncover in his Couples.The underlying core is less sinister than what critics and censors of his day had easily assumed. In truth, the story of Updikes novel is no more a potboiler than a thriller. It is simply a portrayal of Updikes own nostalgic view of the changes in society, including the slow deconstruction of a small town similar to the one he grew up in. Throughout the novel, the tone up is largely wistful, reminiscent of a different past. There is something in the manner with which Updike contrasts the beautiful town and the rotting away of its core a resounding suspire seems to e scape Updikes lips with every word.Much of the storys very core is essentially reliant on the time frame of the novel. Updike pegs it on the early 1960s, under the Kennedy administration. As he himself pointed out, there is no way that the plot couldve existed in a different era. He noted that the action could have taken place only under Kennedy the social currents it traces are as specific to those years as flowers in a meadow are to their moment of pass (Neary 1992, p. 144). There is something specific in the era that Updike particularly takes note of the introduction of the bill and the liberation of women from the yokes of pregnancy.Without fear of pregnancy hanging over their heads, sex foreign of marriage becomes a much more realistic possibility. It is what Updike calls the post- yellow journalism paradise (Sheed 1968), a world wherein the problem of unwanted pregnancy no longer exists. Updike describes his characters as wealthier than their predecessors, having been born into an era of relative prosperity. There is no limit to their desire for fulfillment, regardless of the price. They are driven by the id, raised in a culture of me and back up by the changing society. It is not just Tarbox which is changing.It is far from a microcosm entirely separate from the rest of society. Updike does not portray the suburb as a pubic louse entirely separate and different from the rest of the country. Rather, the suburb of Tarbox is a representative of many. The characters, themselves generic, are easily interchangeable and quite possibly recognizable in any town across the United States. In this world of change, not omly the couples of Tarbox are transformed. They are part of a larger social transformation, and Updikes focus on their interactions and illicit affairs present his understanding of society (not just suburbia) in general.The couples, though seemingly too deviant and unbelievable to be considered general stereotypes, are in fact Updikes definition of the moral breakdown of society. It is not an indictment of suburban life (despite the use of the term suburban adultery). The reparation of his subjects is more of a realistic portrayal than an unfair indictment. His judgment is not one of localization. Rather, Updike is presenting the class most affected by the changes in the Kennedy administration, primarily cod to their wealth and social status.It is also in this level that the reality of class versus crass becomes most realize. Behind the beautiful homes and educated facades, there is darkness. The players randomly remove their next partner, playing a grand, elaborate and ritualistic game of musical chairs with their neighbors. Play, again, is a significant theme in Updikes novel, being the central concept that drives the couples to pursue sexual adventures again and again. The significance of the time period should not be ignored. Updike describes his characters as the products of national tribulations.Following the Grea t Depression and World fight II, these young couples find themselves thrust into a new America, one that struggles to keep up the facade of decency while slowly eroded away by modernity and the filth of the new world order. These characters are far from intentionally indecent, however. Their initial goal was to be enveloped in beauty, separate from the staleness of the rest of the nation and the vulgarity that threatens to creep up the morality ladder (Sheed 1968). In the end, however, they find themselves in a vulgarity of their own making, hidden under the sheen of decency and beauty that the suburbs stand for.Quoting Updike, the ultimate influence of a government whose taxes and commissions and appetite for armaments set limits everywhere, introduced into a nation whose leadership allowed a toothless moralism sic to dissemble a certain practiced cunning, into a culture where adolescent passions and homosexual philosophies were not quite yet triumphant, a climate still furtivel y hedonist (Neary 1992, p. 146). The passage describes Updikes view of the world in which the couples were molded. For all their failures and flaws, these characters were but the products of a bigger problem.Society itself, led by the government, was far from the pristine, moral structure it once was. The Applebys, the Little-smiths, the Guerins, the Constantines, the Hanemas etc. are merely the by-products of a flawed era. The destruction of society, therefore, does not begin and end with suburban adultery. It is merely a microcosm of a larger decay one that goes beyond the wife-swapping activities of the inhabitants of Tarbox, Boston. In part, Updikes focus is on the period and the circumstances that give rise to the opportunities for suburban adultery. One significant detail that Updike notes is the introduction of birth control.Whereas the novels of the 1950s cerebrate on the everyone is pregnant motif, in Updikes novel it is more of an everyone is guilty narrative (Greiner 19 84, p. 145). Previously, pregnancy outside of marriage was the biggest obstacle for illicit lovers. Physical consummation, after(prenominal) all, could always leave an undeniable proof in the womans womb. With the introduction of the pill, however, a new paradise is opened to the people, with the characters of Updikes Couples taking full advantage of the situation. These new methods of birth control had, to some effect, liberated the characters from the burdens of pregnancy.Now as long as his mistresses would remain on the pill, Piet would have no problems property his affairs in order. No longer would the characters of Updikes novel fear the repercussions of sex outside of marriage, hence the ease with which they gradually fall into the abyss of sexual debauchery and adultery. And yet it seems as if this is just the tip of Updikes metaphorical discussion. More than an indictment of the potentially evil consequences of birth control (such as the boost of promiscuity, perhaps), Upd ikes inclusion of the pill is less of a reproach and more of a symbolism.It is not the pill per se that drives the characters into the arms of others. It is the slow break-down of society, particularly religion. The pill is merely a tool by which society slowly presents its disintegration. In itself, it cannot be identified as the cause of social decay. Rather, it is a sign of the changing times a symbol of the struggle of the old traditional values to keep up with the changes in the modern world. In Updikes own point of view, the concept of the novel is not really adultery. It is a discussion of the disintegration of society through the disintegration of church.Marriage, after all, is a sacrament. The destruction of marriage, therefore, does not signify the end of a union alone. It is a metaphor for the slow destruction of the church and its foundations. Sex is the new religion (Greiner 1984, p. 149). With the church crumbling and religion not as reliable as it once was, the chara cters of Updikes Couples seek comfort and solace from another source. Marriage is not enough to provide the human warmness the characters require. They are not villains, just people trapped by circumstances and incapable of escaping from the needs of the flesh.It is a religion in itself, this search for fun. Quoting from the jacket blurb of Couples, Sheed (1968) notes how one character is supposed to be a priest and the other a scapegoat. In some ways, the idea of a spiritual leader leading the drop off towards greater hypocrisy and shallowness is apt for the story. Fred Thorne is identified as the priest, the leader who organizes parties and games for the bored couples. His party on the night of Kennedys assassination is telling the couples blaspheme to be solemn yet soon revert to their partying ways.In a sense, this invokes a feeling of emptiness, of floating through space. These characters have nothing else but their physiological selves to cling to. The governments leader i s assassinated, God strikes his own church with lightning and society is giving way underground to new bores. In essence, they are free of religious and political encumbrances, only to realize that without these structures there is almost nothing to hold on to at all. In the end, there is nothing but the warmth that sex provides be it illicit or otherwise giving a physical reality to the world.Without this physical connection, they are lost. The couples move around, shuffle in their beautiful clothing and beautiful homes. Beyond the facade however, are emptiness and a world of gradual moral decay. Works Cited Amidon, Stephen. Unzipped John Updikes Prose is as lively as Ever in This Chronicle of a Lifetimes Erotic Exploits. New Statesman, 134. 4724(2005) 51 Austin, Jonathan. His Characters Allow Updike to be Free. CNN. Com, 16 November 1998. in stock(predicate) 27 April 2008, from http//edition. cnn. com/books/news/9811/16/updike/index.html Greiner, Donald. John Updikes Novels. Athens, OH Ohio University Press, 1984 Neary, John. Something and Nothingness The Fiction of John Updike and John Fowles. Carbondale, IL Southern Illinois University Press, 1992 Pritchard, William. Updike Americas small-arm of Letters. South Royalton, VT Steerforth Press, 2000 Sheed, Wilfrid. Couples. The New York Times, 7 April 1968. Available 27 April 2008, from http//www. nytimes. com/1968/04/07/books/updike-couples. html? pagewanted=1 Updike, John. Couples. NY Ballantine Books, 1999

European Literature Essay

In distinguishing amidst the genres of short story, novel and annovel, it is important to take into considerations such factors as rather friendly or individual subtext, size, coverage of plastered topic, the presence of mythology and spirituality, confrontation either with daily routines or with unusual situations. In this sense, novel is probably the most social genre, as it necessarily points to certain societal pathologies, describes the antagonism between private and public interests and normally consists of a number of chapters, gradually developing the plot. Further more than, novel is characterized by the authenticity to material facts and thorough portraying of events and social interactions.Annovel is close to novel in terms of genre, as both works of fiction cover much space, yet the entire novel is as a rule dedicated to putting into chronological order the lives of certain characters, whose fates are normally depicted completely, especially if they are protagonists. Annovel, in turn, can take on a collection of short stories, which fit into the context of the creative work, but describe completely different characters and develop dissimilar plotlines. Nevertheless, annovel should be viewed as an entity, as some cadences certain characters can wander among stories, so that they are depicted in various situations.Short story, as a genre, is characterized by the considerable meeting of individual and spiritual (mystic) components as a rule, they have either oversimplified abstractive plots or extremely multifaceted plotlines, presented briefly, as they usually cover short time period (conversely to novels and annovels, which give details for epochal changes).Furthermore, lyrical, intuitive and personality aspects are also attributed to short story, as it is aimed at highlighting certain human liking or momentary change in human life (sudden death, irrational decisions and so forth). Whereas novels are viewed as well-organized and structured wor ks, short stories might switch between various temporal phases (from the future to the past, for instance) and usually include peculiar temporal discourse.The most prominent example of annovel genre is Dubliners by James Joyce. The writing take ins more than ten stories, which, if integrated, present the topic of Irish lifestyle, beliefs and social order and constitute a brief encyclopedia of Dublin urban dynamics. Different characters are thrown and twisted into various troubles, so that the annovel provides several plots. Annovel therefore to some extent combines the elements of short story and novel Charles Dickenss Hard Times is a regular(prenominal) novel, relatively large in volume its considerable size is intended to create the impression of reality and allow the reader to dive into both social and psychological contexts of the basic plotline, which seems to be developed gradually.The short stories Araby and Clay from Dubliners to some extent reaffirm the existence of para llel or absurd reality, as both, in spite of their conciseness, in fact depict the interrelation between the past, the present and the future and note each characters reflections upon the past events, i.e. necessarily contain conscience flow and use psychological tools like sublime object.Dramatic monologue in fact includes two key terms hammy and monologue. The dramatic shows it can be acted out like drama, while the monologue points to certain persons speech, so dramatic monologue is a poem, in which attention is paid to both situation and character. This poetry form implies the presence of listener or audience, so that the monologue is intended as a component or independent part of dramatic performance.For instance, in Yeats Leda and the Swan the author present his lyrical dramatic monologue as a punctuate of rhetorical questions, upon which the audience is supposed to reflect. In order to strengthen the overall effect and impression, the author refers to mythological characte rs (the reference tool is widely used, as it allows incorporating the others ideas and experiences into the monologue) and utilizes figurative language in order to enrich the argumentative aspect of the monologue with the emotions, feelings, perceptions and therefore appeal to the readers affection and emotional intelligence.Sailing to Byzantium is a dramatic monologue, presenting certain case or situation the lyrical character or protagonist, feeling aged and tired, sails towards the sun, in order to reach the holy city. The monologue, as one can note, contains certain argument the poet depicts rather negative discourse between the realms of the young and the elderly and substantiates each viewpoint through and through representing social issues through metaphors and parallelisms.

This paper will address language barriers in customer service

This paper will address verbiage barriers in guest value. This has demanded business to acknowledge their existence by having to set up bilingual websites, employing bilingual representatives as well as hiring third party language lines.Identifying language barriersWith the development of global communication, language issues dupe entered the argona of seller/ customer relations, causing serious barriers on the way towards effective servicing customers with protestent language backgrounds. The diversity of todays customers offers many challenges to the human resources headmaster in a multi-ethnic association or institution. (Morris, 2002, p. 32) lyric poem barriers in the workplace relate to the two different spheres of fellowships performance one sphere is represented by communication between employees, while another sphere is represented by customer dish out employees and the need to communicate with foreign-speaking customers.Allison (1999) wrote, that oral communicatio n with customers for whom face is not the native language, frequently becomes a serious barrier towards effective customer service provision. (p. 26) As long as language problems within the go with are underestimated, it is difficult to predict stable progressive development of the companys performance. This challenge becomes even more serious when native languages and origins of the customer and the customer service employee differ dramatically (e.g. English-Chinese). In this situation creation of the bilingual websites to contain the necessary information to the customers has become one of the best resolutions of the discussed issue.In order to perform efficiently, companies gestate to attract language specialists for the proper organizing the customer servicing of foreign-language customers. Similar issues can be identified within the framework of manager/ supervisor cooperation. The inability to deliver companys mission and customer service requirements to the worker, who sp eaks a different language, will make it difficult to incorporate this worker (her) into the companys organizational structure. As a consequence, the quality of service provided whitethorn decrease. (Weinstock, 2003, p. 99)Simultaneously, the proper utilization of foreign-language workers for communication with foreign customers will lead to higher quality of companys customer service. Language issues in customer service are even more serious for the companys corporate image and companys performance on the market. The quality level of customer service is frequently included into the list of factors, on the basis of which customers make their choice towards a specific product or company. Thus, inability to overcome language barriers with customers may serve against the companys striving to occupy stable market position. (Jacobs, 2004, p. 150)The causes of language barriers some highly-skilled and valuable employees have difficulty with the pronunciation challenges that American Englis h puts before them. Many sounds in our language do not exist in their native languages, resulting in pronunciations that are unintelligible to the average listener. (Ferris & Frink, 2003, p. 228)Physical articulation of English sounds by foreign language speakers is not the only cause of language barriers in customer service. This list can be supplemented by the cultural problems closely committed with language, as well as the inability of the companys management to supply employees with effective solutions of language issues. (Ferris & Frink, 2003, p. 229)RecommendationsAmong the basic recommendations for the language problems solution the following guidelines can be apply providing the customer service staff with opportunities to educate and broaden language skills utilizing foreign employees in the striving towards better customer service functioning, as well as including professional interpreters into the companys staff. (Varner & Beamer, 2005, p. 84)It is also essential, tha t company and product information is provided in several different languages to attract and retain customers with various origins and language backgrounds. Including multilingual approaches into numerous aspects of the companys activity will only work for the benefit of the companys customers, and as a result, for the benefit of the companys performance.ConclusionLanguage barriers in the customer service may seem irrelevant in the light of other global problems, which companies have to solve daily. However, such language problems are much broader than it is traditionally assumed improper customer servicing is a direct way towards worsening companys image and decreasing companys revenues. This is why in order to avoid far-reaching negative consequences language barriers should be timely and properly addressed.ReferencesAllison, M. (1999). Organizational barriers to diversity in the workplace. Journal of blankResearch, 31, 26-32.Ferris, G. & Frink, D. (2003). Diversity in the workpl ace The human resources managementchallenges. Human Resource Planning, 16, 214-242.Jacobs, E. (2004). Overcoming language barriers Costs and benefits of interpreter services.Human Resource Planning, 17 (5), 149-151.Morris, C. (2002). Cultural and language barriers in the workplace. Charlotte-MecklenburgWorkforce Development.Varner, I. & Beamer, L. (2005). Intercultural communication in global workplace. BostonIrwin/ McGraw-Hill.Weinstock, B. (2003). Bringing language and culture gaps in the workplace. WashingtonWashington Business Group on Health.

Manual vs. Automated Statistical Process Control in the Food Industries

Israel Ortega-Ramos The Prime Example Our recent visit to a food packaging build in New Jersey highlighted the inconsistent results of statistical process control routinely faced by Quality Control buss. Product weight readings were taken from the manufacturing floor, entered into an Excel spreadsheet and analyzed. The results produced no predictable under or over filling trend despite the fact that the same people used the same eggshells at the same time of day. The problem is simple and fundamental. Human error is an inevitable part of the process of collecting statistical data.This is consistently overlooked in companies that expend manual SPC1 (statistical process control) for their manufactured goods. To ensure the human error factor is extirpated, resulting in lower costs and increased profitability, manufactures must begin utilizing more sophisticated substance of collecting, analyzing, and storing SPC data. The Hidden Problems of the Current Manual SPC Process To bet ter understand the core problem, and find a solution, it is pivotal to understand how this food packaging limit gives manual SPC.Generally, several samples atomic number 18 taken from a product line at different times of day, usually 15 or 20 samples at a time. These samples are then individually weighed a line worker records the results on a clipboard for analysis. The individual weight readings are entered into a computer and various(a) statistical calculations are derived from the weighing results, including frequency distribution charts and Pareto charts that are used to adjust the actual filling machines to deliver a consistent result.The Quality Manager must then resolve any conflict between under filling a package, which breaks government laws and overfilling a package which causes lost revenue. Using the draw to get a better understanding of SPC will make it easier to locate the fundamental problems with the manual SPC system in use. The problems begin with the manual r ecording of 15 identical products by the line workers. The simple act of weighing an item then transferring the result to a clipboard by pencil or pen is damage and full of possible errors, i. . the incorrect number offer be recorded or a sample can be weighed accidentally more than once. This souseds the human emotion factor begins to play a large part in the problematic result. In addition, the manager obtains the clipboard results from the same worker who is required to get up inside the hot filling machine to adjust the volume if the weight results are not consistent. A line worker therefore might besides assume that weight readings on the clipboard that differ from each other might mean he/she is not doing a good job.The underlying result of a manual SPC system is the company loses money resulting when each package of food is either overfilled beyond the nominal weight or worse being under-filled which could mean hefty government fines. To summarize, the current manual SPC process allows too many errors and offers no traceability of weighing results throughout the system. The implementation of an automated SPC home base system would eliminate these manual user errors with only a few changes and a small capital investment. The Advantages of an Automated SPC SystemDesigning an automatic SPC system that eliminates human error begins by removing the manual element from employee responsibility. This will alleviate human recording errors and the fudging of actual weight results. To accomplish this, the old collection plate, clipboard, and pencil must be removed and replaced with a scale system equipped with automated SPC software. This software is to the full configurable to satisfy all SPC tolerances. The scale display will actually prompt the worker when to place a product on the scale.The fully automated SPC Scale System will not allow products placed on the scale to be removed quite only permit the addition of new products. This will eliminate the possibility of placing the same product on the scale more than once, as well as any confusion and/or fudging. The scale will then calculate the statistical data after the last product is placed on the scale and store this data in a password-protected memory for collection by the Quality Manager. This statistical data can then be sent wirelessly to a spreadsheet, printed on a label to accompany the sampled roduct, or simply viewed on the scale interface. The flow diagram below shows the improved SPC process. Companies can also utilize various connectivity and software options that can integrate filling machines to automated SPC scale systems. This means that fill volumes based on trends calculated by the scale can be adjusted via an automated system. Quality Control Managers and Plant Managers can also connect all the SPC scale systems in a factory via a central control computer that will provide easy access to real-time data.Integrating an automated SPC Scale System into a manufactu ring environment will bugger off the following advantages over the older manual SPC systems Upgrading outdated manual SPC processes is the first step to improve overall quality, efficiency, and trace ability. This can be accomplished with as little as $5,000 in capital investment. Quality Control Managers and Plant managers have to take a hard look at how their product samples are being weighed and how these measurements are turned into results that can improve production line efficiency.It is now time for companies to step into the 21st century and upgrade to a fully automatic SPC weighing system. pic Error Filled SPC System START Statistical data evaluated and translated into adjustments to correct filling machine fill volumes. entropy transferred from clipboard to spreadsheet for statistical evaluation. each(prenominal) product is placed on scale. Random Batch of Product taken from Production Line.Filling machines manually adjusted according to collected data. Data collected by Quality Control Manager. Weight is recorded on clipboard in order weighed on scale. FINISH Optional Filling Machines adjusted automatically by SPC scale system. FINISH Random Batch of Product taken from Production Line. Each product is placed on scale. Scale automatically calculates statistical data. Statistical Data transferred to computer database directly via wireless or Ethernet connection. START Product Weight Scatter Graph.

Keynesian vs Monetarist Economy

Economics for Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Keynesians versus Monetarists Faculty responsible J. Heller Ismail EL HASSANI gentlemans gentleman has cognize in its history farseeing periods of growth with the Agrarian Revolution, the industrial Revolution, the Oil era and now the Informations one. From the last period of free burning growth is born the myth of continuous and eternal growth. However, the scarcity of inwrought resources and the awareness of the negative effects of stinting activities suggest that humanity may conk a long period of stagnation. In fact, it has already experienced long periods of recess.That is the reason why we should prepare ourselves to sustain growth rather than c every(prenominal)ing it as our ancestors called rain. In prescribe to achieve this goal, we can follow antithetical frugal philosophies such as Keynesianism or Monetarist economies. In this work, we impart focus much(prenominal) on Keynesianism. Firstly, we will discover the h istory of this theory and then define it. In addition, we will analyse and describe all the components of this theory. Finally, we will be comparing the cardinal bettermentes to demonstrate that Keynesianism is much more(prenominal) effective and brings more advantages than Monetarists. bath Maynard Keynes was born in England in 1883 until his death in April 1946. Keynes was certainly the greatest economist of the twentieth snow (Clark, 2008). Even today he returns often in the foreground the known subprime financial crisis in late 2009 led a great business newsprint to elect him Man of the Year (Diever, 2010). Keynes thinking was very different from the others, this is the primary(prenominal) reason his thoughts were terribly combated by anti-Keynesian. However it is still standing until our day bit periods of economic crisis have put his theory in the spotlight once again (Diever, 2010).Because it was not only an economist but also a philosopher, mathematician, man of let ters, arts and culture, John Maynard Keynes was able to equal in the previous century Karl Marx, Francois Quesnay in the eighteenth or William Petty in the seventeenth. He managed to dominate the economics of his time, forge it, model it, then transformed and enhanced it in the hands of the generations following. He has been for a long time in the protective shadow of Alfred Marshall, the great a persuadele of merchandise place equilibrium But once out of the traditional ideologies, he runs done his own path with an impressive force.He wrote the book known as The General supposition of Employment, Interest and Money, which was published in London in 1936. It is the briny work of John Maynard Keynes , The General Theory which contain 24 chapters is primarily a theory of employment. It was very well received in 1936 because it offered a pat solution to the distressing problem of unemployment (unemployment rate of over 10% in Britain) . The oecumenic theory aims to present the operation of the economic system as a whole (also called economic circuit).We can then say that Keynes theory is in a macro-economic level (Pettinger , 2008). The principle of his economic advent was based on a logic and circular flow of notes when the expenses increase, revenues increase as well, which will sensation to more spending that will result once again for more income. This flow of money is simple to understand, and to Keynes, the key is to spend. Indeed, separately person spending causes the public assistance of another person and the person who perceived the money will in her turn spend it, which will go towards the benefit of a third person, and so on After the first signs of the Great Depression in 1929, the spirit of great deal have led them amass their money and let him sleep for misgiving of being in need. This has lead to a decrease in spending and hence lower flow circulation. In doing so, we maintain the saving at a standstill and depression bursts. Fol lowing Keynes theory, in locate to overcome a critical economic situation, it is necessary for the disposal to intervene. In fact, his theory advocates of government financial interjections by increasing the money supply or investing in the country (Pettinger , 2008).But unfortunately, during the Great Depression, it was not one of the close to popular solutions. Keynes thought or so involving the government is very different from the popular economic thought, which preceded it. Basically, Keynesianism is against the practice of uppity savings and not enough spending or consumption in an deliverance. straight off mass who are saying they are Keynesians are more or less those who are in favour of the introduce intervening in the economy while monetarists aim set on providing stability to the system by controlling the money supply (DeNardo, 2008).On one hand, Keynes provoked a revolution in economic. His theory became to be very positively received, because it could explain why during the economy of the Great Recession in that location was still unemployment a fact that a elemental economy could not explain. It is in this context that Keynes became very popular. In fact, antecedently in economics the classical argument would have been while facing economic condition, the salary will drop as well as the terms of work, and people will automatically get employed again. On the other hand, there are two types of Keynesians fiscal Keynesians and monetarist Keynesians.We believe that fiscal Keynesians are more close to the idea of Keynes, which explain that in a period of a downturn in a recession, the carry can take over the enthronement function by investing itself like an entrepreneur (Jeremy, 2011). The most recent congresswoman of such a Keynesian approach to the economy will be the State plans of china during 2008 downturn, in which the State has really employed a forget me drug of people to build bridges airports, roads etc However, to be effec tive, the state intervention should not create more risks for the economy than it provokes benefits by employing more people.Meaning that a State, which is already in debt, will not be advised to use such an approach. It will create such a negative outlook for the fiscal billet of the economy (Pettinger , 2008). Then the individual local entrepreneurs would stop any investments for their businesses and would emphatically not invest on new projects. Indeed, the drawbacks of going more into debt to make the State an employer can very easily out ways the benefits of employing more people in a downturn (Jeremy, 2011). In Western Europe for example, they have befuddled this capacity of applying this type of Keynesian approach.Most of them have more than 80 % of debt in GDP and already facing a lot of dangers in the financial market (Gerald , 2009). Nevertheless, The monetarist Keynesians type is a useful way to use Keynes theory without government spending they have lost the fiscal ab ility to intervene. In fact, this type of approach calls the use of the Central Banks or the Federal Reserve (U. S. A) to buy treasury bunds from the government and print more money to increase the activity. Completely at the inverse Spectrum of Keynesians who wants to intervene within an economy, these are called monetarists.They believe that money is neutral, meaning that it is not because you double the amount of money in an economy that you will be producing more (Cowen, 2012). Each unit of money that you are doubled will be worth for the economy by creating the phenomenon of inflation. Thus the role of authorities is very reduced. Friedman, who is the leader of this ideology, will be advocating the stable growth in the money supply, which style that the Central Banks have to maintain a regular rate (Cowen, 2012). However, we found that Friedmans assumption is false. First, Professor M.Friedman is most famous for the following comparability MV =PT where M equal Money, V was representative of the Volacity, P equal Prices and T represented Transactions (DeNardo, 2008). Most people think that this formula was his donation to the pecuniary theory and he was very famous for this. However, during our research we discovered that many an(prenominal) economics before Friedman used this formula. In addition to that, following his monetary theory, it is possible to control the money supply so that you can affect the cognitive operation of the economy that the instability in the money supply is responsible for recessions and depressions.Today, the events of the 2008 recession have proven that Friedmans assumption of controlling the money supply is a false one. Indeed, we all know that bank lending is the key to money supply. However, nowadays the banks do not trust each other, and they refuse to lend to each other. Without lending, this is clear that the money supply will decrease indefinitely. The principal consequences of this approach will be the reduction o f velocity of money as people do fewer transactions.This decrease in velocity and money supply will lead consumers to do fewer purchases and businessmen fewer investments. It was proven in the mid-thirties in America, which was called liquidity trap. To conclude, we can say that both economies have their advantages and disadvantages. However, the Keynesian one seems more applicable nowadays in some countries in order to overcome this recession and sustain a growth. Few decades before, it was said that most economic theories, including Monetarists, were preaching individualism, emulation and non-intervention of the State.The sovereign functions (Police, Army, Justice), the construction of public edifices, the respect of competitions rules were their principal matters at that time. The historical reality is however different back in the days during the Industrial Revolution, the State intervened in many countries to mark the takeoff of their economy. In France, the State intervened in the development of railways and agriculture (tariffs Meline 1896). England choose the Act Enclosures for agricultural land. The U. S. intervened in the development of the railway.Germany established protectionist measures with Frederic List (1789-1846). Finally in Japan, during the Meiji era (1868), the State created the first companies in order to sell them to families after(prenominal), Zaibatsus (Gerald , 2009). Moreover, after the crisis of 1929, the New Deal was an important ideological impact in the United States with a significant change in the conception of the role of the state the state becomes interventionnist. (Gerald , 2009) We can consider that Keynesians believes and thoughts were always adopted in some of the rude moments of our economic history.Despite some difficulties, it have always brought positive results to the evolution of the economy and we all remember John Maynard Keynes as the most remarkable economists of the history. As far as we are concerned, we strongly believe that the Keynesian theory, depiste its disadvantages, brings more benefits to the society and to peoples lives. After his death, Keynes ideas were preached by his disciples the mistake was to carry on the same methods during the post war situation and not try to adapt these methods in order to meat with the current circumstances and avoid another recession.REFERENCES Gerald, M. (2009, 04 27). Les politiques economiques. Retrieved from http//www. skyminds. net/economie-et-sociologie/la-regulation-des-activites-sociales/les-politiques-economiques/ Clark, J. M. (2008, 12 09). John maynard keynes. Retrieved from http//www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/John_Maynard_Keynes DeNardo, G. (2008, 12 07). Mv=pt a classic equation and monetary policy. Retrieved from http//www. nolanchart. com/article5583-mvpt-a-classic-equation-and-monetary-policy. tml Cowen, T. (2012, 07 30). Business cycles explained Monetarist theory. Retrieved from http//learnliberty. org/videos/business -cycles-explained-monetarist-theory Pettinger , T. (2008, 12 30). Keynesianism vs monetarism. Retrieved from http//www. economicshelp. org/blog/1113/concepts/keynesianism-vs-monetarism/ Diever, M. (2010). Les principaux courants de pensee economique. Retrieved from http//www. oeconomia. net/private/cours/economiegenerale/CAPET/01. theorieseconomiques. pdfKeynesian vs Monetarist rescueEconomics for Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Keynesians versus Monetarists Faculty responsible J. Heller Ismail EL HASSANI Humanity has known in its history long periods of growth with the Agrarian Revolution, the Industrial Revolution, the Oil era and now the Informations one. From the last period of sustained growth is born the myth of continuous and eternal growth. However, the scarcity of natural resources and the awareness of the negative effects of economic activities suggest that humanity may live a long period of stagnation. In fact, it has already experienced long periods of recession.That i s the reason why we should prepare ourselves to sustain growth rather than calling it as our ancestors called rain. In order to achieve this goal, we can follow different economic philosophies such as Keynesianism or Monetarist economies. In this work, we will focus more on Keynesianism. Firstly, we will discover the history of this theory and then define it. In addition, we will analyse and describe all the components of this theory. Finally, we will be comparing the two approaches to demonstrate that Keynesianism is much more effective and brings more advantages than Monetarists.John Maynard Keynes was born in England in 1883 until his death in April 1946. Keynes was certainly the greatest economist of the twentieth century (Clark, 2008). Even today he returns often in the foreground the known subprime financial crisis in late 2009 led a great business newspaper to elect him Man of the Year (Diever, 2010). Keynes thinking was very different from the others, this is the main reason his thoughts were terribly combated by anti-Keynesian. However it is still standing until our day while periods of economic crisis have put his theory in the spotlight again (Diever, 2010).Because it was not only an economist but also a philosopher, mathematician, man of letters, arts and culture, John Maynard Keynes was able to equal in the previous century Karl Marx, Francois Quesnay in the eighteenth or William Petty in the seventeenth. He managed to dominate the economics of his time, knead it, model it, then transformed and enhanced it in the hands of the generations following. He has been for a long time in the protective shadow of Alfred Marshall, the great apostle of market equilibrium But once out of the traditional ideologies, he runs through his own path with an impressive force.He wrote the book known as The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, which was published in London in 1936. It is the main work of John Maynard Keynes , The General Theory which conta in 24 chapters is primarily a theory of employment. It was very well received in 1936 because it offered a plausible solution to the distressing problem of unemployment (unemployment rate of over 10% in Britain) . The general theory aims to present the operation of the economic system as a whole (also called economic circuit).We can then say that Keynes theory is in a macro-economic level (Pettinger , 2008). The principle of his economic approach was based on a logic and circular flow of money when the expenses increase, revenues increase as well, which will lead to more spending that will result once again for more income. This flow of money is simple to understand, and to Keynes, the key is to spend. Indeed, each person spending causes the benefit of another person and the person who perceived the money will in her turn spend it, which will go towards the benefit of a third person, and so on After the first signs of the Great Depression in 1929, the nature of people have led them amass their money and let him sleep for fear of being in need. This has lead to a decrease in spending and hence lower flow circulation. In doing so, we maintain the economy at a standstill and depression bursts. Following Keynes theory, in order to overcome a critical economic situation, it is necessary for the government to intervene. In fact, his theory advocates of government financial interventions by increasing the money supply or investing in the country (Pettinger , 2008).But unfortunately, during the Great Depression, it was not one of the most popular solutions. Keynes thought about involving the government is very different from the popular economic thought, which preceded it. Basically, Keynesianism is against the practice of excessive savings and not enough spending or consumption in an economy. Today people who are saying they are Keynesians are more or less those who are in favour of the state intervening in the economy while monetarists aim set on providing stability to the system by controlling the money supply (DeNardo, 2008).On one hand, Keynes provoked a revolution in economic. His theory became to be very positively received, because it could explain why during the economy of the Great Recession there was still unemployment a fact that a basic economy could not explain. It is in this context that Keynes became very popular. In fact, previously in economics the classical argument would have been while facing economic condition, the salary will drop as well as the cost of work, and people will automatically get employed again. On the other hand, there are two types of Keynesians fiscal Keynesians and monetarist Keynesians.We believe that fiscal Keynesians are more close to the idea of Keynes, which explain that in a period of a downturn in a recession, the State can take over the investment function by investing itself like an entrepreneur (Jeremy, 2011). The most recent example of such a Keynesian approach to the economy will be the State p lans of china during 2008 downturn, in which the State has really employed a lot of people to build bridges airports, roads etc However, to be effective, the state intervention should not create more risks for the economy than it provokes benefits by employing more people.Meaning that a State, which is already in debt, will not be advised to use such an approach. It will create such a negative outlook for the fiscal side of the economy (Pettinger , 2008). Then the individual local entrepreneurs would stop any investments for their businesses and would definitely not invest on new projects. Indeed, the drawbacks of going more into debt to make the State an employer can very easily out ways the benefits of employing more people in a downturn (Jeremy, 2011). In Western Europe for example, they have lost this capacity of applying this type of Keynesian approach.Most of them have more than 80 % of debt in GDP and already facing a lot of dangers in the financial market (Gerald , 2009). Ne vertheless, The monetarist Keynesians type is a useful way to use Keynes theory without government spending they have lost the fiscal ability to intervene. In fact, this type of approach calls the use of the Central Banks or the Federal Reserve (U. S. A) to buy treasury bunds from the government and print more money to increase the activity. Completely at the opposite Spectrum of Keynesians who wants to intervene within an economy, these are called monetarists.They believe that money is neutral, meaning that it is not because you double the amount of money in an economy that you will be producing more (Cowen, 2012). Each unit of money that you are doubled will be worth for the economy by creating the phenomenon of inflation. Thus the role of authorities is very reduced. Friedman, who is the leader of this ideology, will be advocating the stable growth in the money supply, which means that the Central Banks have to maintain a regular rate (Cowen, 2012). However, we found that Friedma ns assumption is false. First, Professor M.Friedman is most famous for the following equation MV =PT where M equal Money, V was representative of the Volacity, P equal Prices and T represented Transactions (DeNardo, 2008). Most people think that this formula was his contribution to the monetary theory and he was very famous for this. However, during our research we discovered that many economics before Friedman used this formula. In addition to that, following his monetary theory, it is possible to control the money supply so that you can affect the performance of the economy that the instability in the money supply is responsible for recessions and depressions.Today, the events of the 2008 recession have proven that Friedmans assumption of controlling the money supply is a false one. Indeed, we all know that bank lending is the key to money supply. However, nowadays the banks do not trust each other, and they refuse to lend to each other. Without lending, this is clear that the mon ey supply will decrease indefinitely. The principal consequences of this approach will be the reduction of velocity of money as people do fewer transactions.This decrease in velocity and money supply will lead consumers to do fewer purchases and businessmen fewer investments. It was proven in the 1930s in America, which was called liquidity trap. To conclude, we can say that both economies have their advantages and disadvantages. However, the Keynesian one seems more applicable nowadays in some countries in order to overcome this recession and sustain a growth. Few decades before, it was said that most economic theories, including Monetarists, were preaching individualism, competition and non-intervention of the State.The sovereign functions (Police, Army, Justice), the construction of public edifices, the respect of competitions rules were their principal matters at that time. The historical reality is however different back in the days during the Industrial Revolution, the State i ntervened in many countries to ensure the takeoff of their economy. In France, the State intervened in the development of railways and agriculture (tariffs Meline 1896). England adopted the Act Enclosures for agricultural land. The U. S. intervened in the development of the railway.Germany established protectionist measures with Frederic List (1789-1846). Finally in Japan, during the Meiji era (1868), the State created the first companies in order to sell them to families after, Zaibatsus (Gerald , 2009). Moreover, after the crisis of 1929, the New Deal was an important ideological impact in the United States with a significant change in the conception of the role of the state the state becomes interventionnist. (Gerald , 2009) We can consider that Keynesians believes and thoughts were always adopted in some of the rude moments of our economic history.Despite some difficulties, it have always brought positive results to the evolution of the economy and we all remember John Maynard K eynes as the most remarkable economists of the history. As far as we are concerned, we strongly believe that the Keynesian theory, depiste its disadvantages, brings more benefits to the society and to peoples lives. After his death, Keynes ideas were preached by his disciples the mistake was to carry on the same methods during the post war situation and not try to adapt these methods in order to meat with the current circumstances and avoid another recession.REFERENCES Gerald, M. (2009, 04 27). Les politiques economiques. Retrieved from http//www. skyminds. net/economie-et-sociologie/la-regulation-des-activites-sociales/les-politiques-economiques/ Clark, J. M. (2008, 12 09). John maynard keynes. Retrieved from http//www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/John_Maynard_Keynes DeNardo, G. (2008, 12 07). Mv=pt a classic equation and monetary policy. Retrieved from http//www. nolanchart. com/article5583-mvpt-a-classic-equation-and-monetary-policy. tml Cowen, T. (2012, 07 30). Business cycl es explained Monetarist theory. Retrieved from http//learnliberty. org/videos/business-cycles-explained-monetarist-theory Pettinger , T. (2008, 12 30). Keynesianism vs monetarism. Retrieved from http//www. economicshelp. org/blog/1113/concepts/keynesianism-vs-monetarism/ Diever, M. (2010). Les principaux courants de pensee economique. Retrieved from http//www. oeconomia. net/private/cours/economiegenerale/CAPET/01. theorieseconomiques. pdf

Behavioral Theories of Learning

Skinners terminology provides that positive reinforcers are any form of encouragement like rewards, awards and goals and positive financial support is the performance itself of receiving the reward or achieving the goal (Skinner B. F. , 1969). The definitions of operant conditioning provide that interdict reinforcement is a mode of bearingal theory that as a subject of experiencing a negative condition, a particular behavior is enhanced, strengthened or emphasized. (http//www. mcli. dist. maricopa. edu/proj/nru/opcond. hypertext mark-up language, 1999).A good drill of positive reinforcement inside a classroom would be a teacher good-looking extra credits for educatees who would achieve a certain high average. How is this positive reinforcement? Students entrust become motivated to leap out and give extra effort to achieve the award and in the process they get to learn more ultimately benefiting them in the end. A pre-school teacher giving candy to the brave little girl who entrust not cry and back out of her first day in school is also an shell of positive reinforcement.The school board giving an award or an additional benefit for the teacher of the month, this is another example of a positive reinforcement. Why is that? By promising to give a little extra something, the school encourages the teachers to improve their over-all teaching performance and by doing so, they are encouraging a little favorable competition among fellow educators. The learning curve is sure to climb the charts if all the teachers and scholarly persons are motivated. How will that be achieved? It is simple.The teachers will be inspired to think of ripe teaching methods that will be effective on students and in turn the students learn more. Some teachers are not as approachable as others that is the campaign why students dont ask questions even though they did not fully understand the subject matter, as a solution, they can make themselves visible(prenominal) to students for consultation. As a number, the schools educational framework benefits because of cooperation and communication. Everybody gets a special kind of something in the end.The key word in positive reinforcement is benefit. One way or another, everyone receives something beneficial to himself and to others as well. An example of negative reinforcement inside the four corners of the classroom would be a teacher who warns students that if they ease up the exam they would get an automatic failing grade. This is negative reinforcement because if a student wants to avoid getting a failing grade, he would study. His studying habits will be strengthened as a consequence of being threatened of getting a failing grade.The application of negative reinforcement can be most usually seen in the fields of education and reform. The use of fines, imprisonment is one such example of the use of negative reinforcement to warn of the negative consequences of associating with social ills (Skinner,1953). Negative Reinforcement as compared to punishment strengthens a behavior because a negative condition is stopped or avoided as a result of such behavior while the latter weakens a behavior because of the introduction of a negative condition as a result of the behavior (mcli. dist.maricopa. edu, 1999). An example of punishment is when a student is caught cheating by his professor, the consequence would be detention or suspension. Another demeanor of a student which is very satisfactory for punishment is bribing a teacher in order for him to get an A. This offense should be dealt with seriously because it can affect the educational system not to mention the character and reputation of the school. Punishment endeavors to make the person realize the intensity of the offense that was committed and for him to reflect on his actions.All these will be in vain if an important goal of punishment is not achieved, which goal is for the person not to repeat the same offense ever again. The appli cation of these kinds of reinforcement depends upon the power and the individual upon whom these will be enforced. Imagine expelling a student for being caught littering inside the school grounds. The use of these types of reinforcements would vary not only because of a particular scenario exclusively the attitude and intent of the person involved would have to be taken into consideration as well. In positive and negative reinforcement, the responses and effects are unpredictable.The effect would be of course either positive or negative as well. Positive outcome results when the desired response or behavior is achieved by using a certain kind of reinforcement, however, this desired outcome is not always achieved. For instance, in positive reinforcement, the aim is improvement and encouragement but the psyche of the person being motivated or encouraged does not depend on the positive reinforcer. For instance, no matter what benefit the teacher promises the student but the latter i s not moved by it, there would be no positive result.The results in negative reinforcement, the aim of which is education or reform, will not be accomplished when the expected reaction or behavior is not achieved. As in the example given above, when a teacher suspends or sends a student in detention for cheating but the latter does it again, negative outcome results. In the field of education, positive or negative enforcement or even punishment may be associated with each other not only because they are modes to elicit a certain response from a student but because of the result they so aspire.The means may be different but the desired end to be achieved is the same to maximize the learning electric potential and more importantly to mold the students behavior for the better. References Skinner B. F. , 1969, Contingencies of Reinforcement A Theoretical Analysis, New York Appleton-Century-Crofts. Retrieved 04/03/09 from http//www. freeonlineresearchpapers. com/ Macopa Center for Learn ing and Instruction Retrieved 04/03/09 from http//www. mcli. dist. maricopa. edu/proj/nru/opcond. html Skinner B. F. , 1953, Science and Human Behaviour, New York Macmillan. Retrieved 04/03/09 from http//www. freeonlineresearchpapers. com/

Internal communication Essay

It has recently come to my attention that several reports are circulating in the media regarding proposed layoffs at Yahoo and this has become a matter of concern to most of our employees. As with any reports that do not come directly from the Yahoo corporate offices, some of the information being presented could be considered factual while former(a) information is clearly not.It is important to remember that Yahoo has no hidden agenda and employees impart be informed as soon as possible when decisions are made which may affect their work status. The truth of the matter is that profit projections for the fiscal year 2007 initially do not appear to be meeting goals. Yahoo stock prices are also valued below projections. It is important that the caller make up for these losses by finding methods which result increase profits and decrease costs in the upcoming year.In order to do so, there are many options available for review by Yahoos executives, most of them pertaining to an incre ase in sales of our more popular products, set restructure, partnering with other companies, marketing to reach new users, outsourcing, increasing productivity, and reducing those components of the operation which have proven to be unprofitable. Our CEO, Jerry Yang, leave alone be making an educated, well-researched decision regarding these options. Mr.Yang will make an announcement as to which measures will be instituted by Yahoo to increase profits and stock prices on February 1st. Please rest assured that our employees will be apprised of this information before the media reports on the announcement. Until Mr. Yang makes his official announcement regarding profit increases and cost-cutting measures, interest bear in mind that Yahoo is making every onrush to resolve its financial problems in a fair and equitable manner which will ensure Yahoos future growth and top arranging in the market.Since Yahoo is a publicly traded company, it is often the target of media scrutiny and w hile at times we welcome this scrutiny for its promotional value, at other times it is based purely on hearsay with gaps filled in by a lack of factual information or supposed reports from insiders who no longer work at the company. At Yahoo, our very talented and hard working employees are the backbone of the company and we truly appreciate the time and trial spent at your jobs.The last thing Yahoo wishes to do is lose its most valuable assets you. If anyone has any questions or concerns that have not been answered by this communication, please see your immediate supervisor, who can direct those concerns to the proper person. Best Regards, John Doe Internal Communications Coordinator Works Cited Helft, Miguel (January 22, 2008). Hundreds of Layoffs Expect at Yahoo. impudent York Times.

Capital Expenditure and Revenue Expenditure Essay

tax income spending is an usance which on appeal of doing business on daytime to day basis and is necessary to be cover to maintain the business going on effectively. Thus, revenue expenditure is the cash or credit that being spent immediate for short-term purpose, example, expenditures on assets such as repair and fuel which will or will not improve the value of the given assets. gravid expenditure is an expenditure which will cause future benefit to the company. Its the money that spends on the frozen assets or improves the value of existing assets which will extend the companys strength to pull in bread or higher performance level. Unlike revenue expenditure, capital expenditure is more(prenominal) to an investment than a cost, since it create better business for the company. (Stolowy and J.Lebas 2006, p 234)Capital expenditure is expenditure on meliorate assets or increasing their earning capacity. Meanwhile, revenue expenditure is to maintain their earning capacity. The difference being that capital expenditure increase the earning capacity, great-term and buzz off future benefits, while revenue expenditure maintain the earning capacity, short term and produce immediate benefit. (ACCA F3 2009)Capital expenditure defined as expenditure on purchase or rise of non-current assets. For example that purchases a cutting edge to deliver the goods. early(a) example such as- -Delivery of fixed assets-Legal cost of buying property-Installation of fixed assets-Demolition costs-Improvement (but not repair) of fixed assets-Architects feesRevenue expenditure defined as expenditure on running or management of business, example, cost of fuel or diesel for vans. Other example such as--Maintenance of fixed assets-Administration of business-Selling and distribution expensesThe main difference between the both forms of expenditure is that effect it has of the financial statement of business as the Balance Sheet and the Income Statement. Revenue expenditure af fects in the income statement since it is fully consume within the period or carry forward to the abutting period as left over.Capital expenditure improve the net book or bring forth value of an asset or getting a new asset on the books. It is a long term expenditure and will be wrong to be set off as an expense in the current period. It is because that that fixed asset will pull in scratch to the company for more than one year or score period. We can spread the cost of the asset over those explanation period in the form of depreciation since the fixed asset is used for several accounting periods. (Spiceland, Thomas, Herrmann 2009, p308 and p309)Revenue expenditure shown on the income statement as an expense while capital expenditure treated as fixed asset on the balance sheet. It is necessary to classify these expenditure accurately in the accounting system to avoid uncertain errors. For example, if cost of a van was treated as an expense in the income statement, this will aff ect the net profit to be reduced in the meantime the value of the van (fixed asset) will not show on the balance sheet. Hence, incorrect treatment of these expenditure will reply- (Wood 2012, p277) Capital expenditure treated as Revenue expenditureIncome Statement Balance Sheet Expenses increaseNet profit decreaseFixed assets decrease.Revenue expenditure treated as Capital expenditureIncome Statement Balance Sheet Expenses decreaseNet profit increaseFixed assets increase.Inappropriate asset classification can skew the financial position and profit of a business. Thus, its necessary to classify assets correctly and accurately. Decent classification of the expenditure maintains thefundamental accounting assumption of accrual, fair(a) presentation and accuracy of presentation.

Communication and Child

Maria Pearce EYMP5-1. 1, EYMP5-1. 2, EYMP5-1. 3, EYMP5-2. 1, EYMP5-2. 2, EYMP5-2. 3 EYMP5-1. 1 Explain alto ramher(prenominal) of the cost * linguistic conversation * language * confabulation * Speech, language and colloquy take away. English dictionary meanings. * Speech some liaison that is spoken an utterance, remark, or declaration * Language communication by voice in the distinctively human manner, use autocratic sounds in conventional ways with conventional meanings speech. * Communication the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or instruction by speech, writing, or signs.Speech, Language and Communication begins from birth simply engaging in eye come across and smiling is communication. Speech is started with noise and sounds. Language starts by a electric shaver seeing so level(p) from very spring chicken ages small fryren learn and give-up the ghost with us. EYMP5-1. 2 Explain how speech, language and communication skills support each of the following atomic number 18as in kidskinrens development EYMP5-1. 3 Describe the potential impact of speech, language and communication difficulties on the overall development of a boor, both currently and in the longer term.Speech, language and communication necessitate in electric razorren vary with each individual kid. As practitioners we must constantly asses and contri juste in all aspects of communication, speech and language. We must listen to the kid and try to meet the things the fry is trying to bring to us. percentage children improve things like language fanny be fairly elemental. By having patience we repeat the course often and sycophancy the attempts and successes a child has. Asking the child to point something bulge or countenance saying talking to or sounds.By taking our hand and leading us to something the child motivatings or wants is a effective way of table serviceing communication and nub we put up say the thing they need encouragement is essential we do non want the child to feel silly or ashamed if they struggle with the correct word. Splitting some words into parts more(prenominal) easily state is a great way for children to make sounds into words. In my reach we had a child who said bas anya for lasagna and although cute if encouraged to split the word la san ya in no time the child utilise the proper word. Another child would say pusion for cushion.We similarly found with younger children by using bargonfaced cards and books blocks or anything played with to say colours, numbers, and shapes or when out walking pointing out things around us and encouraging the child to repeat was a productive way to help with speech. nonetheless speech wasnt forever and a day viable one of the children we had was deaf. He made loud sounds but couldnt hear us speak the words. By using sign language we managed to communicate though we had small experience in that orbit and the child was very young so did not have a huge nitty-gritty of sign himself.We would mine a lot of things like drink food hello many of the children caught on quickly and also mimed signs to him. It was a fantastic way to allow communication as each child interacted just with us but with all of the children. Enabling go against communication between the children and taught them that it was normal to claim a child with a disability. By encouraging not only speech but other methods of communication we helped them socially to interact with each other in different ways, a simple wave hello allowed the child with hearing difficulties to feel part of the group and welcome.Emotional by screening praise and enjoyment. Behaviour teaching children how to act in many scenerys. As practioners we spend time with children getting to know them and communicate with them we push aside pick up on things we whitethorn be able to help with or advise p arnts of. Many rears work very long hours and have little time to dialogue with children . By chatting with children and speaking in a correct manner we help language skills either day. We do not use baby language we repeat words and encourage talking not only to ourselves but to each other. superstar child we had in our displace was very happy to chat with grownups and one-time(a) children, however she refused to play with or listen to the younger ones. Even when being spoken to directly. The child would alone ignore the younger children. We spoke with her and helped her understand we must not ignore anyone when we atomic number 18 spoke to or communicated with. We encouraged her to converse with younger children we gave her responsibility helping them in small ways. This entrusted in child compete and interacting with younger ones. This was fantastic for their social skills and behaviour.It taught the child who seemed to dislike younger children that ignoring anyone in life is not an option. We also seen her enjoy the responsibility and praise she was very prou d of herself. If we feel that a child whitethornbe conclusion speech or language more difficult than usual we would speak to p bents and encourage them to try certain(p) games and fun tasks in everyday life at groundwork. We would communicate regularly with parents to see if things improve. Teaching parents little things that they whitethornbe dont do at home or havent move at home can be great at rectifying any difficulties.Working with them to improve things we whitethorn have picked up on but parents havent wanted to see can onetime(prenominal) make the world of difference. If these things dont help we can suggest referral to speech and language specialists or hearing specialist. We must work with other settings as advantageously as parents to compare thoughts, instruction and experience. One of the best things we would attend was a library story time. It was fantastic it encouraged children to sit quietly and listen to stories. Then they would have a sing on to rhymes a nd songs with actions.Which encouraged language skills? If a child was impudently to this it took a few weeks to get involved but we always had parents asking where the child had learned a song they were singing at home. We would have sing along in the setting and encourage the words and actions so children knew some of the songs and gave them confidence to join in. If a child is having difficulties fashioning themselves understood by language, speech or actions it can affect confidence and emotions. We want each child to be happy positive and understood.Eye to eye contact is a simple way to let the child know that you are listening or that you are taking the time to understand what they need from you. They learn that in our setting what they have to say is as grievous as any adult or other child. individually and every child is in-chief(postnominal) and should feel that way. By communication with carers we can have a ofttimes better and more positive effect on childrens dev elopment and learning. Knowing that a good relationship is essential and helps us as practitioners to see what areas we can help in and work on with children or what things carers ould continue and manage at home. This leads to a more productive learning journey for the child. A good relationship can also mean we are all comfortable communicating worries or problems. There are several development charts we can use for reference and information giving us a guide to where a child should be at certain ages. We use these to give us an idea of development if we fell a child is behind of ahead we can look at the information which helps us decide if a child whitethorn need some extra support. However we must only use these as a guide. We all know children develop as individuals and at varying rates.These charts can help us if we feel a little unsure and also if we need to have information to give parents. Also taken into account must be periods of settling in, or pitch contour in home lif e. These can affect a child making them quiet or withdrawn and shy. We must make any decision to advise extra support once we get to know the child and observe activities we plan. EYMP5-3. 1 Demonstrate methods of providing support taking into account the * age * particular needs * abilities * home language where this is different to that of setting * interestsOf the children in own setting. By providing age related toys, activities and language we support individual children with specific support. The ability of a child also determines how we plan any activities. We must make the activity inclusive of all children. Being a small setting we scratch planning an activity to suit all children fairly easy and can adjust as we interact. For drill a painting activity is explained and signed or mimed at kindred time so that every child is included and not taken to the side as though something is different or dole out as an oddity.Some activities are avoided if we feel any child exit be singled out. However we praise and encourage all children making them feel included and important. We ask parents what their child or children enjoy at home. If possible we try to bring a little of this into the setting to make children feel at home with us. It also gets children chatting and showing what they like. For instance one child adored snakes of all things. So we allowed him to bring along one of his pets as a sort of show and tell. Most of the children had never held a snake.We got him telling us all about snakes and what they eat. It gave this child so much confidence feeling he could teach us all something new. As we are a small setting and speak English it isnt possible to teach and speak another language however we are happy to encourage a child with a different language to help teach us all words in their homegrown language and do planned activities for other countries celebrations and festivals. Chinese new year Eid-ul-Fitr are just devil of the festivals we in corporate into planning and learning.Communication and ChildIntroduction The aim of this report is to identify the reasons why battalion communicate and the ways in which this can affect relationships. I will identify what we need to call in when we are trying to promote communication with others and the barriers that we may come across when doing this. I will strive to explain the extra support available for individuals who may have problems communicating and how coming from different backgrounds/cultures can affect how an individual communicates.I will also describe the ways in which we must treasure mystical revelations and how confidential information should be treated. 1. 1 IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT REASONS PEOPLE report great deal communicate to Build relationships When a new child/parent enters our setting the first thing that will happen is some form of communication such as a smile or salute the child/parent with hello. This is the foundation on which a childs trust i s based. If a child sees a good relationship between us and their parents this will make the transition period smoother. parting thoughts and ideas When children region thoughts and ideas they are being given the chance to express themselves freely. Children will have ideas and thoughts that they need to share by doing this they are able to grow in confidence and conceit, we should always listen to a childs ideas fifty-fifty if they are incorrect as this will encourage a child to share further ideas and thoughts. feedback and mirror image encourages mental stim slay and share information track development, diagnose problems early Express needs and feelings Gain reassurance and acknowledgement 1. EXPLAIN HOW COMMUNICATION AFFECTS RELATIONSHIPS IN THE WORK SETTING Communication affects relationships in the work setting in the following ways Sharing and Gaining Information By sharing and gaining information from parents/colleagues such as how the child is feeling, their likes and dislikes, what play interests the child has, we are much better equipped to bring the best out of the child. Effective communication is extremely important if the child has a medical condition or perchance is attending a speech therapist. Knowing these things can help us with the childs development. Settling In It is important that we communicate well when a child is settling into a new surroundings as the child may feel anxious or nervous about the new setting as this may be the first time the child has left the parents. Good communication helps in building relationships, making it easier for the child to feel happy and secure in a new environment. Communicating and building a relationship with the parents allows them to trust and feel happy with us as practitioners enabling them to confidently leave the child in our care. Supporting childrens Play and LearningIf we have good communication with a child they are able to benefit more from play and learning activities. It enables t hem to take part and understand activities. It also encourages better speech and vocabulary and gives them the confidence to express their thoughts and ideas, making them feel more relaxed and comfortable at heart the setting. Transitions It is important to have good communication in periods of transition such as moving schools or childminders, as this makes it easier for the child to adjust and feel happy and comfortable in the new setting.For example having good communication and building relationships with each other allows information to be passed on effectively and efficiently making the transition easier for the child, parents and practitioner. 2. 2 DESCRIBE THE FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN PROMOTING EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION The factors to consider when promoting effective communication are milieu It is important that we think about the environment we are in when communicating with others.When we are communicating with adults or young children we may need to go somewhere quiet , a busy or noisy environment may be distracting, pr up to nowting information being passed / received accurately. A young child will be able to understand instructions, learn better and feel relaxed if the environment is quieter and calmer. With toddlers and younger children we may need to find an area which is familiar to their home setting, e. g. if the child likes playing with play dough we could arrange to sit with the child at this table. Proximity, Orientation and PostureWe should always consider distance when we are communicating with others. If we have a strong relationship with a child they will allow us to get closer as the child knows and trusts us and should not find this behaviour intimidating. We should also consider cultural differences when communicating with others as some sayings/gestures in our culture may differ to that of a mortal from a different culture. Our bodys side is also important as if we stand in movement of someone they may find this overpowering . besides if we were to stand beside them and turn our body towards them this sends out a warm and friendly signal.Having good posture when communicating with others is also important as this gives out a clear message that you are listening and interest in what they are saying. Listening Skills When we are communicating we should always show that we are actively Listening. To Actively Listen we must think about what is being said and be aware of the body language. We should always give our full attention to the person speaking and listen to the tone of what they are saying. This is important when communicating with children as it promotes childrens speech and helps when dealing with difficult situations. Time When we are communicating we need to give the person we are communicating with time to think about what we are saying. This is very important with young children so they understand what we are saying, or understand the instruction that has been given. Parents may also need t ime to understand or digest the information that has been past onto them. 3. 1 EXPLAIN HOW PEOPLE FROM DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS MAY routine AND/OR INTERPRET COMMUNICATION METHODS IN DIFFERENT slipway. People from different backgrounds may use and/or interpret communication methods in the following ways Family BackgroundFamily background is important in communication as all families have different bolts of communication. For example some children may come from a family that has more than one language, while other children may come from a family that is outgoing and noisy. Others may come from a family that is shy in nature. All of these will affect the way in which the child later communicates as an adult. Personality Personalities can affect the way in which a child/adult communicates. With young children we can often see if their personality is outgoing even before their speech / language has developed.For example a child of a shyer nature will have a quieter personality, they ma y seem unenthusiastic in group discussions or with throng they dont know as they find this uncomfortable. Confidence and Self-esteem Confidence and self-esteem plays an important part in the way people communicate. For example a child who has been mocked when they have been information in class may find public speaking as an adult difficult. Whereas a child who was praised for their reading is more likely to grow into an adult with more confidence in this area. Literacy Literacy skills are acquired throughout life.Some people will have a higher level of literacy skills than others. For example some people may have learning difficulties or may have had to immigrate and have had to learn a completely new language. ICT cognition Most people will have acquired some form of ICT Knowledge whether it be using internet, internet phones, emails, accessing photos, phone conversations, but we will not all have the same level of ICT knowledge. For example a person may not be able to read e mails or follow written instructions well, so they are not as comfortable in this area as others. 3. 2 IDENTIFY BARRIERS TO EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONSome of the barriers we may face to effectively communicate are Information transmitter may have language difficulties and find it hard to express themselves in oral or written forms. Encoding Sender may have difficulty in choosing purloin words/language or use an inappropriate style or tone. Transfer Emails may not be received. Reception Visual impairment may prevent a recipient from picking up facial expressions, gestures or anything that has been written down. Decoding Recipients relationship with the sender will influence the way that messages are decoded e. message from someone who is liked may be received differently than from a stranger. Feedback Sender may not see feedback and realise that there are any difficulties with the way that they have communicated. Response Sender may respond negatively as meaning of communicatio n is not clear or style of communication is inappropriate. 3. 5 EXPLAIN HOW TO ACCESS EXTRA SUPPORT OR SERVICES TO ENABLE INDIVIDUALS TO COMMUNICATE EFFECTIVELY The ways in which we can access extra support or services to communicate effectively are Transition and Interpreting Services We may need to use a voice from time to time if a person cannot read/understand our language. For example this is useful if a parent wants to show us a letter that has been written in a different language. An Interpreter may also be used if someone has hearing or speech impairment this assists communication to be made with them. Speech and Language Services Childrens speech develops at different times and stages, every child is different. For example some young children may need the service of a Speech Therapist.We may need to seek support of these services to help us communicate effectively with the child by using visual aids such as pictures. This helps us to meet the childs individual needs. Adv ocacy Children or young people who are in care may have had an advocate service such as hearty Services. These services are used so the child can express their personal views, opinions and how they are feeling. It also ensures the best interests of the child are met and that their rights under the United Nations Convention are met. We have a duty to ensure this for each and every child. 4. 1 EXPLAIN THE MEANING OF THE TERM CONFIDENTIALITYThe term Confidentiality means that we must not share or disclose personal information gained through work that we would not publicly know with others. As practitioners we will receive confidential information on a occasional basis, information we receive should be treated confidential unless there is a duty to pass the information on eg, in cases of child abuse or danger to a childs public assistance. Confidential information that we may receive is personal details on a childs live such as address, phone number, troth of birth health and devel opment issues. Individuals have the right to keep this type of information private.P Tassoni et al (201015) states, Confidentiality is about respecting other peoples rights to privacy and keeping safe the information that they have provided. A parent may pass on something they want kept confidential to protect their child from embarrassment. For example, a parent may disclose that their child has suddenly started wetting his/her pants and may ask you to keep an eye on the child and discretely change pants if necessary. This type of information should only be shared with others on a need to know basis. Breach of policies surrounding confidentiality are usually disciplinary offences which are treated seriously. . 2DESCRIBE WAYS TO MAINTAIN CONFIDENTIALITY IN DAY TO DAY COMMUNICATION A setting should have an office where parents can speak to members of staff about confidential matters. This information will be passed to staff on a need to know basis. Staff are told to think about wha t they are saying in front of young ears and other parents. Gossip should be avoided. All written paperwork/computer records kept on the children within the setting should be in an office area and kept under lock and key/passworded and the setting will have policies on who has access to this information.Should a child make a serious disclosure to a member of staff, about possible abuse/ discount, all staff will be in full trained in the settings Child sentry duty procedures and staff will know the reporting procedure in these circumstances. As part of their training, staff will know that any breach of confidentiality within the setting could result in a disciplinary action being taken against them and in serious cases may even result in dismissal. 4. 3DESCRIBE THE POTENTIAL TENSION BETWEEN MAINTAINING AN INDIVIDUALS CONFIDENTIALITY AND DISCLOSING CONCERNSThere will be occasions that we need to disclose confidential information such as if we feel a childs welfare is at risk or if we think abuse is suspected or a crime has been committed. We are obliged to pass our concerns quickly, discretely and directly to our manager or an appropriate agency such as Social Services. By doing this we can still retain confidentiality within a setting as other members of staff or parents will not know the issues that have been raised. This also ensures that the rights of the child are met under the UNCRC (online www. unicef. org. k) expression 19 states Childrens rights to be protected from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation including sexual abuse by those looking aft(prenominal) them. All settings must be on the Data Protection Register and be registered with the Data Protection Commission. If confidentiality has been breached this can have serious consequences and can lead to dismissal, most settings will have their own polices and procedures. finding As we can see from the above, comm unication is a vital part of everyday life.Good communication skills assist us in nearly every situation we can find ourselves in. When communication is well managed, conflict can be avoided and respect and well-being of all parties improved. It is vital that we understand how to treat confidential information, when such information should be kept confidential and when and how it should be reported if we feel it necessary to safeguard and protect children. Bibliography Tassoni P et al (2010), CHILDREN YOUNG PEOPLES WORKFORCE, Heineman, London, UK. UNCRC (Online), UN CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD, www. unicef. org. uk