The Overall Quality Of Life Of The Asian American Community

Healthcare access, unfortunately, is more difficult for residents for who cannot access transportation easily. All households in San Francisco, though, are within a quarter mile of a local bus route or rail station. Proximity, however, does not necessarily equal accessibility, as vulnerable residents like low-income individuals or immigrants have a harder time utilizing services. San Francisco is also known for having the highest income inequality in the state (CDPH, 2012; SFDPH, 2012). Experience One can conclude that the overall quality of life of the Asian American community is moderate. There is access to resources and services that they need, and most of them are readily available. Not all of the communities living in San Francisco, though, have equal access to certain services, and there are still various services that needs to be up to par with the state and national benchmarks. Some of the major factors that affects access are the inability to pay or distance of the service from their location. For Chinatown residents, they are living in overcrowded conditions, which can increase their risk for respiratory and ear infections (CDPH, 2012; SPDFH, 2012). They also face poor sanitation, high environmental noise, and residential fires. Chinatown residents are facing an increasingly elderly population, while sitting in a medically underserved area (SFDPH, 2012; Human Service Agency of San Francisco, 2012). Key social factors that affect the Asian American population’ sShow MoreRelatedThe Anxiety Of Asian American Immigrant Children Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesMental Health, 2015). Also, mental health problems are currently extremely stigmatizing in most Asian cultures, and compared to Caucasians, Asian Americans exhibit significantly high levels of mental health problems (Young et al., 2010). In general, depressive symptoms are associated with major developmental impairments that may persist a child’s later life. Thus, experiencing various stressors of Asian American immigrant children during their before and after immigration processes impact their psychologicalRead More Race Relations in Modern American Society Essay1587 Words   |  7 PagesRace Relations in Modern American Society Race relations are an ever prominent issue in American society. Controversies focusing around race are a commonly seen smeared across the front page of the newspaper or headlining on the evening news. The opposition is usually between a minority group and The Man, a colloquialism used by many Blacks to refer to the overwhelming power stemming from white racist tendencies. This racial tension can sometimes can cause the oppressed to band togetherRead More Asian American Stereotypes in Film Essay1367 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Asian Americans only make up a small percent of the American population. Even more significant is that this percentage live mostly on the west and east coasts of mainland United States and Hawaii; leaving the rest of the American population to most likely get their exposures to Asians through television and movies. However the exposure they have receive throughout the history of cinematography has been hardly flattering. Throughout the cou rse of history Asians in film have beenRead MoreInterracial Marriage Between Asian Men And Women860 Words   |  4 PagesBefore I start researching for this topic, I noticed that most of the interracial romantic relationships among Asian on campus involved Asian women. Is that mean Asian women tend to attract and fall in love with the different race as themselves? What cause the imbalance interracial dating or marriage between Asian men and women? Would Asian men or women feel more superior when they have interracial relationships? I believe this situation can be explained in three aspects: experience of racial discriminationRead MoreIs Affirmative Action Racist? Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pagesaspects of life. Every American deserves an equal opportunity to succeed, which is why affirmative action is inherently racist. Affirmative action refers to various government policies that aim to increase the proportion of minorities and women in jobs and educational institutions historical ly dominated by white men. The policies usually require employers and institutions to set goals for hiring or admitting minorities. It is responsible for colleges discriminating against Eastern Asians and whitesRead MoreCultural Bias And Health Care Disparity1528 Words   |  7 PagesCultural Bias and Health Care Disparity: Introduction: Cultures, social, ethnicity, English proficiency are factors that my significantly affect the quality of healthcare. Patient’s perspective, values, beliefs and behavior are highly influenced by the sociocultural background pf the patient (1-5). These factors can affect dealing with patient’s symptoms, seeking care, pain toleration, care adherence, preventive measure, and health care expectations. There is a clear evidence that links Clinician-patientRead MoreEssay on Multicultural Matrix and Analysis Worksheet1483 Words   |  6 Pageslifestyle, or society? | 1. White Americans | Whites here in the United States are classified as individuals that have origins with the Middle East, Europeans, and North Africa (U.S. Census Bureau, 2001). | A large part of the United States population of 230 million (approximately 78.1%) is occupied by White Americans. | White Americans tend to sometimes be outspoken. They also value their independence and have strong religious beliefs. White Americans are very cordial with their greetings butRead MoreHealth Disparities Within Dekalb County1709 Words   |  7 Pageswell-being of its communities today as it relates to cultures and institutions. The population of African Americans is higher in Georgia than in the United States because of the transatlantic slave trade, which brought an abundance of African Americans to the state by force. The history of slavery still impacts African Americans today and causes many health disparities that can be seen around the world not only in Georgia. The obvious and tra gic impact of health disparities in our communities is the disproportionateRead MoreRacism And Discrimination : America s Justice System1301 Words   |  6 Pages society, and cultural upbringing. Native American, Caucasians, African Americans, Asian Americans, Hispanic is all vastly discriminated when we as people, consider race as a viable indicator of weakness. Native Americans are seen as people whose pre-Columbian ancestors were indigenous to the lands within the nation s modern boundaries. Although, the public perception of the acceptability of racial profiling varies under circumstances, Native Americans suffer from Rural justice that demonstratesRead MoreAbundance Of Facilities For Outdoor Recreation And Leisure Activities1212 Words   |  5 Pagespopulation data to prove that the community of Ladera Ranch is a good location to open a business. Based on this data, the report will recommend the type of business that is best suited for the community. Ladera Ranch is a census-designated place located in south Orange County, California (â€Å"Ladera Ranch†, 2012); nearby cities include Mission Viejo, San Juan Capistrano, and Rancho Santa Margarita. Construction of Ladera Ranch began in 1999 with the goal of creating a community where residents enjoy recreational

Essay On Mscs - 808 Words

Applications of MSCs: Findings of in vitro studies, animal models and clinical practices have suggested different applications for MSCs. There are a large number of clues about the efficiency of MSCs in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and immunotherapy. Currently, a significant number of clinical trials have been conducted on the application of MSCs in the treatment of various diseases, including orthopedic wounds (30), cardiovascular diseases (31), autoimmune diseases such as Crohns, type 1 diabetes (32) and GVHD following stem cell transplantation and liver diseases. Moreover MSCs are applied as cell therapy for the treatment of bone and cartilage disorders, contributing to wound healing (33) or they are applied in the†¦show more content†¦MSCs are a promising tool for cell therapy. They partly contribute to the repair of injured tissues, but they cannot effectively play role in tissue repairing because of their scarce number (e.g. 1 per 106 cells in bone marrow or 1 per 104 cells in umbilical cord) (6). Therefore, in vitro cultivation and expansion and increasing their number for therapeutic purposes is necessary. However, their characteristics and phenotypes may be affected after cultivation and proliferation, depending on factors such as age and donor conditions, cell separation techniques, culture media and supplements (8). Because of self renewality and the ability to differentiate into different lineages they are an extremely appropriate treatment option (37) and are considered as an ideal source for tissue engineering (38). 2. MSCs also have immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory features because of producing immunosuppressive cytokines. Among varied MSCs sources, adipose tissue isolated MSCs have the highest immune suppression potential (39). They have a wide range of functions to suppress the innate and acquired immune responses which include, regulating cytokine production, suppressing cytotoxic T-cell activity, inhibiting differentiation of dendritic cells, elevating the number of regulatory T cell (40) and inhibiting the activity of B-cell, NK-cell and DC. They mainly function through induction of soluble factors such as TGF-b, HGF, NO and HLA-G. Although they canShow MoreRelatedApplications Of Msc Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesMajor applications of MSCs are: 1. MSCs are a promising tool for cell therapy. They partly contribute to the repair of injured tissues, but they cannot effectively participate in tissue repairing because of their scarce number (e.g. 1 per 106 cells in bone marrow or 1 per 104 cells in umbilical cord) (6). Therefore, in vitro cultivation and expansion and increasing their number for therapeutic purposes is necessary. However, their characteristics and phenotypes may be affected after cultivationRead MoreThe Importance Of Obesity1408 Words   |  6 Pagesrising annually (F. 1). Naturally, this has a multitude of effects on society, such as negative externalities. These can be presented in four categories: direct medical costs, human capital costs, productivity costs and transportation costs. This essay will focus on the transportation costs from an economic point of view. The laws of physics state that a heavier load requires more energy to travel the same distance as a lighter one. Since obese people have a higher body weight than average, theirRead MoreChapter 2 Biology and Psychology Essay9060 Words   |  37 Pagesthese ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 2-26 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Conceptual 2. A(n) _________ is a nerve cell. a. axon c. dendrite b. neuron d. glial cell ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 2-26 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual NOT: BTC 3. ________ remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, and direct their growth. a. Schwann cells c. Glial cells b. Neurons d. Myelin sheaths ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 2-26 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual 4. The function ofRead MoreAutonomic Nervous System and Obj8649 Words   |  35 Pagesrespond.|d.|to drives.| ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual 2. The study of motivation is an attempt to understand __________ a behavior occurs. a.|why|c.|when| b.|how|d.|all of these| ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual NOT: BTC 3. Psychologists define hypothetical states that activate behavior and propel one towards goals as a.|needs.|c.|drives.| b.|motives.|d.|incentives.| ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 9-188 OBJ: 1 MSC: TYPE: Factual 4. Motives are described as hypotheticalRead MoreQuestions And Questions On Debating Skills848 Words   |  4 Pagessure that the students develop the capability to think on both sides of a policy or procedure. 1.3.3 Interprofessional groups Working in the interprofessional groups under supervision of a multidisciplinary faculty emerged as a trademark of the MSc HQ program. The word ‘group’ appeared in every syllabi of the courses, while 6 course faculty members mentioned importance of inter-professional group work during the interviews. The instructors performed multiple activities to make the group (p3:12)Read MoreWhy Are Environmental Failures Considered to Be an Example of Market Failure?652 Words   |  3 PagesMarket failure is defined as when community surplus is not maximized due to problems preventing resources from being allocated in an optical manner. Negative externalities, also used in this essay, is defined as a decision or a product that leads to it having a larger society cost than private cost. This essay will be split into different parts to tackle this problem: 1) Examples of market failures and environmental problems 2) Explanation of environmental problems as negative externalities Read MorePsychology : A Profession And A Science1525 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals see (Super Super, 2009). A percentage of the psychological professions include clinical psychology, counseling psychology, health psychology, forensic psychology, social psychology etc. (Keether Morgan, 2013). I have decided to pursue with MSc. forensic psychology after my undergraduate degree. Forensic psychology is that piece of psychiatry, which manages patients and issues at the interface of the legitimate and psychiatric frameworks (Towl, Farrington, Crighton Hughes, 2008). The vastRead MoreThe last samurai3678 Words   |  15 Pagesd. B + D + E + F. Essay 51. â€Å"An increase in the demand for notebooks raises the quantity of notebooks demanded but not the quantity supplied.† Is this statement true or false? Explain in economic terms and illustrate with a graph showing the original supply and demand and any changes. Macro Fall 2009 Test 1 Answer Section MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: 1 REF: 1-1 NAT: Analytic LOC: Scarcity, tradeoffs, and opportunity cost TOP: Tradeoffs MSC: Interpretive 2. ANS:Read MoreInternational Trade And Its Effects On The Environment1526 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom indirect tax incentives (www.miti.gov.my, 2012). However a point to be noted that in Malaysia certain industries, such as automobile, petroleum etc. heavy restrictions are placed on foreigners, one reason been to protect domestic market. This essay will focus on how Malaysian government encourage foreign investors and the policies, programs and incentives set forth by Malaysia to achieve this Malaysia is one of the most dynamic countries in Southeast Asia with a sturdy growth of annual tradeRead MoreThe Mainstream Supply Chain Management1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe question requires us to critically analyze the strengths and weaknesses of mainstream supply chain management with the help of other critical frameworks of GSCs. This essay question will be answered by overall analyzing the Mainstream Supply Chain (MSC) as introduced and researched by one of the most notable authors on the topic and these strengths and weaknesses shall be further assessed with other frameworks of GSCs known as the critical supply chain management, Global Commodity Chain (GCC)

Estimated compensating wage differentials Free Essays

( B ) Critically appraise the findings of empirical surveies that have estimated compensating pay derived functions. Compensating derived function is a term used in labour economic sciences to analyse the relation between the pay rate and the unpleasantness, hazard, or other unwanted properties of a peculiar occupation. A counterbalancing derived function, which is besides called a compensating pay derived function or an equalizing difference, is defined as the extra sum of income that a given worker must be offered in order to actuate them to accept a given unwanted occupation, comparative to other occupations that worker could execute. We will write a custom essay sample on Estimated compensating wage differentials or any similar topic only for you Order Now One can besides talk of the counterbalancing derived function for an particularly desirable occupation, or one that provides particular benefits, but in this instance the derived function would be negative: that is, a given worker would be willing to accept a lower pay for an particularly desirable occupation, comparative to other occupations. The thought of counterbalancing derived functions has been used to analyse issues such as the hazard of future unemployment, the hazard of hurt, the hazard of insecure sex, and the pecuniary value workers place on their ain lives. ( Wikipaedia ) A batch of theoretical accounts have been presented by different writers of the universe sing counterbalancing pay derived functions and a batch of surveies have been made as good. Based on these surveies, studies and analyses findings have been published in the diaries, newspapers and web sites. These publications stressed on the compensating pay derived functions non merely for the workers exposed to decease due to accidents but on the other grounds as good. The term ‘Risk Premium ‘ is besides used as an option to the compensating pay derived functions for the workers making unsafe occupations. Marin and Psacharopoulos ( 1982 ) , in the first paper utilizing British informations from the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys ( OPCS ) Occupational Mortality Decennial Supplement 1970-72, find grounds of a pay premium for exposure to fatal hazard. Sandy and Elliott ( 1996 ) and Arabsheibani and Marin ( 2000 ) utilizing similar informations over the period 1979 to 1983, and Siebert and Wei ( 1994 ) utilizing Health and Safety Executive ( HSE ) information for 1986 to 1988, all find grounds of a fatal hazard premium. Another survey has been made in the Hong Kong sing counterbalancing pay derived functions giving particular accent on the hazard associated with the workplace human death. The information has been collected from the 1991 nose count and so it has been merged with the accident informations provided by the Labour Department. A theory has been presented by Thaler and Rosen in 1976. The appraisal of counterbalancing pay derived functions has been carried out with the undermentioned expression W = a0+ a1X + a2P + vitamin E Where tungsten is the pay rate, X a vector of single and occupation features, including the usual human capital variables ; P is a step of occupation hazard and vitamin E is an error term. Over the past two decennaries surveies have estimated compensating pay derived functions by utilizing this equation. The consequence usually suggests that a positive and important compensating pay derived function for the occupations with mortality hazard is found majorly in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Japan. Another of import factor the compensating pay derived functions has been identified as ; child punishment ‘ . The fact that female parents tend to gain less than adult females without kids seems to be good established in the economic literature and is calledkid punishmentorhousehold spread. Several research workers found natural pay spreads of about 20 % for the US, 13 % for the UK and up to 20 % for Germany. In order to look into the impact of maternity on the pick between monetary and non-pecuniary occupation features the German Socio-Economic Panel ( GSOEP ; 1984-2003 ) was used by Christina in 2006. The sample of involvement consists of adult females during their fertile period, defined as the age from 16 to 46. The dataset provides elaborate information about personal and occupation features, about monetary and in peculiar non-pecuniary 1s. Besides it reports satisfaction with the occupation what is used as a placeholder for public-service corporation and allows proving if both monetary and non-pecuniary occupation features determine jointly the satisfaction of a female parent. The longitudinal nature of the information allows detecting female parents around first birth. The dataset used is the German Socioeconomic Panel ( GSOEP ) , which is a annually repeated study of Germans and Foreigners in West and East Germany ( 1984-2003 ) . Since 1984 the GSOEP follows the members of the panel. In 2003 the GSOEP provided information about more than 12000 families dwelling of more than 24000 people In order to prove the hypothesis of the kid punishment as a compensating pay derived function, the following methodological analysis, divided in three parts, has been conducted. A first measure was to look into if motherhood truly affects the occupation features, i.e. if non merely the pecuniary but besides the non-pecuniary occupation features change after maternity and therefore the loss of pay might be compensated with an addition in comfortss. In order to gauge alterations in occupation features around and after maternity, an event survey analysis has been used which surveies the effects of first birth on a assortment of occupation features. A 2nd necessary measure was to demo if and how certain occupation characteristics enter the public-service corporation of female parents. Harmonizing to theory of counterbalancing pay derived functions both monetary and non-pecuniary features determine jointly the public-service corporation of a worker. In instance a female parent is willing to give up portion of her income in order to hold a more household friendly occupation, certain occupation features have to counterbalance for this loss in pay and therefore rais e the public-service corporation of a female parent. In order to prove this through empirical observation satisfaction arrested developments has been used. In a last measure the existent compensating pay derived function has been measured, i.e. how much of their pay female parents is willing to give up for holding a occupation with more comfortss ( less disamenities ) . Therefore as a last measure a hedonistic pay arrested development has been run including certain ( dis- ) comfortss as control variables. The decision of the above treatment reveals that the compensating pay derived functions have been surveies by many of the analysts around the Earth utilizing different methodological analysiss and statistics. These surveies helped the users understanding the tendency sing counterbalancing pay derived functions and the impact on workers. Mentions Wikipaedia hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensating_wage_differential Arnaud Dupuy, Wendy Smits How Large is the Compensating Wage Differential for R A ; D Workers hypertext transfer protocol: //ftp.iza.org/dp4194.pdf Andrea Christina Felfe 2006 The kid punishment – A compensating pay derived function hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eale.nl/conference2006/Papers % 20Friday % 2017.00 % 20- % 2019.00/add15235.pdf Joseph Lanfranchi, Henry Ohlsson, Ali Skalli Compensating Wage Derived functions And Shift Work Preferences* Evidence from France hypertext transfer protocol: //gupea.ub.gu.se/dspace/bitstream/2077/2897/1/gunwpe0055.pdf Asiatic Economic Journal 1998, Vol 12 No. 2 Wage Compensation for Job Risks: The Case of Hong Kong hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ln.edu.hk/econ/staff/xdwei/docs/edman/wei_aej.pdf Jean Abraham, Stephanie Lluis 2008 Compensating Derived functions and Fringe Benefits: Evidence from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 1997-2004 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2001/03/art4full.pdf How to cite Estimated compensating wage differentials, Essay examples

Managing Talent At WalMart

Question: Compare the impact of incentive pay on the total compensation of Wal-Marts CEO and the companys average workers. Answer: Amidst extreme competition in retail industry, Wal-Mrt operates in more than 10,000 stores and around 24 countries earning huge revenues. It has designed a pay structure and an incentive plan and has also developed performance system for the CEO and the employees of the organization to give the motivation to enhance sale and revenue for the company(Chemmanur et al., 2013). Compare the impact of incentive pay on the total compensation of Wal-Marts CEO and the companys average workers Mike Duke, the chief executive officer of Wal-Mart Stores, has given enormous responsibilities to generate huge revenue and is one of the highest paid employees in the organization. In 2011, Duke's salary was $1.3 million, his bonus was $ 2.9 million, and stock awards estimated to $ 13.1 million. The company has increased Dukes salary by 3% compared to the previous year, but the company has given a low bonus that is 25% lesser compared to last year as the company fails to generate adequate revenue. The total compensation of Duke is around $18.1 million which made the Dukes rank 82 as the highest paid chief executive as per Forbes magazine, whereas an average full timer can earn $12.40 hourly. Moreover, some incentives vary between Duke and the rest of the employees. The difference in pay structure attributes to the job responsibility that is assigned to Duke and other lower level employees. Since the CEO of the company is the primary responsible person who sets the objectives of the enterprise, and the bottom level of employees implement the strategies developed by the CEO, Duke, so there is a significant difference in pay structure and compensation between the two concentrations in the company (Bremer et al., 2015). The difference between the workers totals compensation and Mike Duke's Total compensation Wal-Mart has made different incentive programs for the employees at the lower level of corporate hierarchy. The wage for Wal-Mart employees is united $12.40 per hour. The full-time employees would earn around $25,800 per year. Wal-Mart has planned the incentive of Duke is based on the total sale of the company and the total compensation of Duke is around $18.1 million which made the Duke's rank 82 as a highest paid chief executive as per Forbes magazine. Moreover, all the wage earners are eligible to earn incentives like Duke, but the amount is comparatively low and it varies with the performance (Gupta Shaw, 2014). Compare the effective performance management techniques for the CEO and the average workers The change in performance management system comes when Wal-Mart has experienced the downfall in sales due to a recession which has impacted the customers' purchasing decision. Consequently, Wal-Mart has changed its previous strategy to operate the retail stores. It has taken a strategy to align the performance standard with the changing business strategy in order o raise the productivity, return on investment and achieve growth (Miller Babiarz, 2013). In contrast to this, few years back, the company has standardized the entire retail which is a key factor that is giving shareholders returns. The performance management technique focused on the total sales based on which the incentive plan is structured and target is set for performance. Previously the company had set a goal for three years to achieve incentives. In 2009, the company had set a one year target to meet goal and incentives (Shanafelt et al.,2014). The company has asserted the fact that the new change will help the employ ees to meet the target and will make the goal more realistic. In addition to that, Wal-Mart has represented a profit-sharing program; the payment has reflected up to 4% of employees pay. The money will be deposited in the employees fund which they can get back after retirement. The case study has revealed that in 2010 as part of profit sharing programs the company has distributed to its employees $1.1 billion to contribute to employees 401(K) retirement funds. However, the lower level employees are no longer eligible for profit sharing. Instead of that, the company will provide quarterly and annual bonuses and medical insurances in order to match employees contributions to 401(k) plans, which is around 6% of the pay. It further added that employees can spend the bonus without waiting until retirement. The CEO who shoulders the major responsibility for formulating strategy of the company and to meet the goal draws more incentive, pay package compared to other workers whose incentives and compensation are low. The CEO, Duke plays the lead role to generate profit for the company and ensures growth and success for the company (Goodman Turner, 2013). Reference List Bremer, R. W., Scholle, S. H., Donna Keyser, M. B. A., Houtsinger, J. V. K., Harold Alan Pincus, M. D. (2015). Pay for performance in behavioral health.Psychiatric Services. Chemmanur, T. J., Cheng, Y., Zhang, T. (2013). Human capital, capital structure, and employee pay: An empirical analysis.Journal of Financial Economics,110(2), 478-502. Goodman, S. F., Turner, L. J. (2013). The design of teacher incentive pay and educational outcomes: Evidence from the New York City bonus program.Journal of Labor Economics,31(2), 409-420. Gupta, N., Shaw, J. D. (2014). Employee compensation: The neglected area of HRM research.Human Resource Management Review,24(1), 1-4. Miller, G., Babiarz, K. S. (2013).Pay-for-performance incentives in low-and middle-income country health programs(No. w18932). National Bureau of Economic Research. Shanafelt, T. D., Raymond, M., Kosty, M., Satele, D., Horn, L., Pippen, J., ... Sloan, J. (2014). Satisfaction with work-life balance and the career and retirement plans of US oncologists.Journal of Clinical Oncology, JCO-2013.

The Arrhenius Equation and Activation Energy Essay Example

The Arrhenius Equation and Activation Energy Paper In this lab, our task is to determine how different degrees of temperature affect reaction rates.  A Swedish chemist, named Svante Arrhenius discovered the relationship between temperature and reaction rate. In finding this relationship a new equation was formed called the Arrhenius Equation:  Reaction rate constant k = A e -Ea/RT  The factor A represents the frequency of collisions between two molecules in the proper orientation for reactions to occur. The value of A is determined by experiment and will be different for every reaction. The value of the exponential term e -Ea/RT describes the fraction of molecules with the minimum energy required to react, R is the gas constant, 8.314 J/mol-K, T is the temperature in Kelvin and Ea is the activation energy. Activation energy of a reaction is the minimum amount of energy needed to start the reactions. In order to understand and make use of this equation, we must include the Collision Theory. Collision Theory states that in order for a reaction to occur, two molecules must collide in the proper orientation and posses a minimum amount of energy to react. The Arrhenius equation accounts for all of the requirements of Collision Theory.  The Arrhenius equation can be rearranged and combined to determine the activation energy for a reaction based on how the rate constant changes with temperature: In this lab, we will be calculating the rate constants for each of the four temperatures. The four temperatures include: 23, 40, 50, and 60 degrees Celsius. After the rate constant is found for these temperatures, we will use the Arrhenius Equation to solve for Ea and A by an analytical approach. Additionally we will use a graphically approach to solve for these values. The value found for Ea analytically is 9.20 X 104 J/Mol and the value for Ea found graphically is 8.51 X 10 4 J/Mol. We will write a custom essay sample on The Arrhenius Equation and Activation Energy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Arrhenius Equation and Activation Energy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Arrhenius Equation and Activation Energy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The difference between the two is 6873 J/Mol. The value of 9.20 X 104 J/Mol was found experimentally, while the value of 8.51 X 10 4 J/Mol was found by using experimental data to find the best-fit equation for the line. Because this was a best-fit equation done by a computer working with the experimental data a difference is expected. It should be noted that the difference of the two figures is relatively small. Conclusion: In this lab, we experimentally tested how reaction rates change with varying degrees of temperature. We tested this by measuring out specific volumes of reactants, when the final reactant was placed in the flask we started the stopwatch. We were able to time the reaction visually by the change in color, once the reactant color turned clear the reaction was over and the stopwatch was stopped. We did this four times with the variable being the temperature of the water baths that the flasks were in. The first run was done with no water bath, thus at room temperature of 23à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C and the other three runs at 40, 50 and 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ C. When we solved for Ea1 the value was 8.94 X102 KJ/Mol this represents the two lowest temperature and the value of Ea2 was 9.45 X 101 KJ/Mol for the two highest temperatures. Our data supports the idea that as temperature increases the rate increased, this was the true for all four runs. As with any experiment there is always a margin of error, in this case we were not working in a closed environment, and the fact that we took the flask out of the water baths before reading the final temperature occur twice which could possible provide an error. Prior to doing this lab, I have been told as well as have read that it is a clear understanding in the scientific world that a change of 10à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C will double the rate of a reaction. We tested this in this lab, and once again this understanding has been substantiated. This experiment emphasized that the Arrhenius equation is a proving powerful tool for predicting reaction rates over a wide range of temperatures. After a final analysis of our data, I feel confident that our experiment was a success. My understanding of this concept is more firmly in place than prior to this experiment. References: Moore, John W., et al. The Chemical World Concepts and Applications. Orlando: Harcourt Brace Company 1994. Silberberg, Martin S., 2000. Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change. Third Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher, 2000.

Сhromosomal abnormalities Essays

Ð ¡hromosomal abnormalities Essays Ð ¡hromosomal abnormalities Essay Ð ¡hromosomal abnormalities Essay The development of psychotic disorders has been linked to chromosomal abnormalities. Research conducted to establish whether there is a link between psychotic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities show that Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are associated with chromosomal disruptions (Muir et al, 2008). Studies that have been conducted on patients who have been diagnosed with psychotic disorders show that about 30 per cent of the patients have a micro deletion at chromosome 22q11. In addition, researchers associate gene G72/G30 at chromosome 13q33.2 with susceptibility gene for developing schizophrenia at childhood. The development of brief psychotic disorder has been linked to the genes, and this support the claim that psychotic disorders have a biological origin. The link of brief psychotic disorder to the genes is due to the fact that for people who have family members who have bipolar disorder or have shown symptoms of mood disorder, development of brief psychotic disorder is common. However, arguments that the brief psychotic disorder is caused by poor coping skills shows that the genes are not the major cause of the disorder. A traumatic experience or major stress in a person increases one vulnerability to develop the disorder. Genes may increase one’s risk of developing the disorder and although the brief psychotic disorder has been associated to the genes one inherits from the parents, carefully controlled clinical studies have not been able to show that psychotic disorders are biological in origin. Manic depression which characterizes the brief psychotic disorder is associated with an imbalance of serotonin and norepinephrine in the body. During the depressed period, these two are in low levels while during the manic periods the chemicals are in high levels. The predominance of the bipolar disorder has been linked to genetic inheritance. A study done on twins supports the argument that psychotic disorders may have a biological origin . The study that has been conducted on twins show that bipolar disorder is predominant in identical (monozygotic) twins as compared to fraternal (dizygotic). This indicates that a greater chance of inheriting the disorder is in monozygotic twins The fact that psychotic disorders are treated using medication shows that the disorders have a biological component (Samuel, 2003) . For example, the bipolar disorder can be treated using medication. Examples of medication that is used to treat the disorders include mood stabilizers and medication that tries to balance the depressive and manic states in patients. The use of lithium results to counterbalancing of depression and mania effects since it increases the reuptake of nonepinephinne and serotonin. Anticonvulsants such as Carbamazepine (CBZ) and Valproate (VPA) are prescribed to treat bipolar disorders. A case of three sisters who had shared psychotic disorder in United States show that individual who are close can be affected by delusions. The disorder which is shared by individuals who had emotional ties involved three sisters (Kaustubh et al, 2006). The three sisters’ illness was linked to the family’s psychiatric history which showed that the sisters had two first degree relatives diagnosed with schizophrenia. Both the mother and brother had the psychotic disorder and the mother had been hospitalized often- based on this case. The information relating to the disorder show that the case of shared psychotic disorder may involve members of one family and cases of the disorder are more common in members of the same family. It is more common between sisters than in brothers. Research has been conducted on twins and multiple families and show that genetic factors play a major role in promoting the development of psychotic disorders. Studies that have been conducted on twins show that when one twin develops mood disorder, the identical twin is three times more likely to develop the disorder as compared to fraternal twins or siblings who have not been born as twins. In addition, researchers have asserted that the neurotransmitter system in one’s body plays a role in the development of bipolar disorder. However, more research is recommended to determine the exact role of neurotransmitter system in the development of the bipolar disorder. The potential cause of delusional disorder which characterizes psychotic disorders includes neurological abnormalities and changes in brain chemistry as well as heredity. In addition, the disorder has been associated with abnormalities in the limbic system. The limbic system in the brain regulates emotions. Research studies to determine whether biological factors play a role in causing schizophrenia have involved establishing whether there is any connection between Val66Met which is a brain-delivered neurotrophic factor. The results indicate that homozygous carriers Met/Met increased the risk of one developing schizophrenic by 10 percent (Gratacos et al, 2007). The connection between Val66met to the development of schizophrenia shows that psychotic disorders may have a biological origin. The development of psychotic disorder is linked to biological functioning of the brain. An imbalance of the neurotransmitting chemicals in ones brain contribute to the development of psychotic disorders. The imbalance is considered to be inherited or triggered by physical or psychological events. For example, some disruption of early brain development while in the womb may trigger psychotic disorders. Substance-induced psychotic disorders may be caused by one’s withdrawal from using a certain drug and this may to some extent support the claim that the development of the disorder has a biological component (Matcheri and John,1991). For instance, recreational drugs such as cocaine, PCP, Marijuana, alcohol, and hallucinogenics may result to psychotic reaction when a user withdraws from using them (Rashmi and Mark, 2009). In addition, psychotic symptoms may be induced by prescribed medication such as anticonvulsants, chemotherapeutic agents and steroids. Conclusion Psychotic disorders cause abnormal perceptions and thinking in patients. Hallucinations and delusions are two major symptoms of the disorders. Individuals who are affected by psychotic disorders have their ability to make good judgments and to think clearly altered. There are various types of psychotic disorders which vary in cause and treatment. Treatment of the disorder includes therapy and medication. Research that have been conducted in relation to psychotic disorders show that some cases of the disorder may have a biological origin. However,research on the disorders indicate that the disorders result from the interaction of biological, psychosocial and environmental factors. References Bentall, R. , and Slade, P. 1988. Sensory Deception. Taylor and Francis Publishers. Daryl, F. , and Iqbal, A. 2007. The spectrum of psychotic disorders: neurobiology, etiology, and Pathogenesis. Cambridge University Press Freudenreich, O. 2007. Psychotic Disorders: A Practical Guide, Practical Guides in Psychiatry Gratacos, M ET al. 2007. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Val66Met and Psychiatric Disorders: Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies Confirm Association to Substance- Related Disorders, Eating Disorders, and Schizophrenia Biological Psychiatry, Volume 61, Issue 7, Pages 911-922 Habermann, T. , and Ghosh, A. 2006. Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clinic Internal Medicine Board Review, CRC Press Publishers, 2006

Crazy love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crazy love - Essay Example The speaker then introduces the book Crazy Love, indicating that it is about living one’s life radically for Jesus, and then begins to explore the contents of this book. This part of the speech is highly effective as it functions as both an introduction and a suspenseful attention grabber, as the listener begins to wonder what extremes the author and speaker are recommending one go to live their life for Jesus. Throughout the speech a number of transitions are worked in so the speech does not simply grow stale or meander without a purpose. In these regards, it’s clear the speaker has mastered the content and chosen a speech that is well structured for delivery. This is improved by a number of real-world examples, such as the story of a homeless person that lives their life simply to spread the word of God. The speaker continues the speech in an upbeat and impassioned way, further holding the viewer’s interest. The speaker indicates that while they are being judged, they also passionately believe in the message and hope the audience will be moved by it. Even as the speaker relays this in an energetic way, one begins to sense that the speech is slightly contrived and perhaps over-rehearsed. It begins to be relayed in a slightly theatrical way that distances the speaker for their message, leading the listener to begin to question if they are truly committed to its principles. Still, other aspects of the speech come across highly genuine. The speaker is also apt at varying the intensity and her inflection. In these regards, it’s clear that while she may not truly be committed to the underlining message, she is non-the-less committed to delivering the speech in as convincing a way as possible. As the speech continues a number of references are made to the notion of living rad ically for Jesus and the speaker’s personal life. These connections further enhance the speech as they bring the listener closer to the speaker and the purpose of

Legal Regulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Legal Regulation - Essay Example In this manner, regulation can be perceived as implementation of policy statements that aim to bring sanity in business by ensuring that there is neutral for all players to benefit (Scherer, 1996).   The State has always regulated companies because it is aware that the safety of the public and their welfare is its priority. If the activities and behaviors of companies or industries are not regulated and reviewed, they can have harmful effects to human health, community structure and financial well being of people. It is plausible to argue that these regulations are put in place with the intention of protecting those people who have set their businesses correctly on the market via acquiring working licenses, inspections and permits that allows them to operate, therefore, the State tries to weed out criminal or undesirable activities that undercut honest industries. The State has always engaged in regulating businesses by stating that efficient and effective business regulation is ne cessary since it propagates situation where the total benefits of some people do not exceed the total costs of others. Government regulations are important since they aim to achieve various objectives. If businesses are not regulated, then there will high standards of malpractices whereby the consumer will be exploited and deprived of his rights. Because of market failures, it is necessary for the government to control and regulate the behavior of firms since market failures can easily lead to market monopoly whereby the market.

Society (Immigration) U.S Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Society (Immigration) U.S - Movie Review Example Avalon’s journey begins with a polish-Jewish family, laced up with strong family ties and attachment for almost every reason like love, respect, care and integrity. (Gustafson, 2004) Krachinsky’s clan moved to America and settled in Baltimore in 1914 with hopes and spirit to earn pleasure and harmony, wanted to experience the wonders of America and it limitless possibilities but unfortunately they faced unpleasant changes in their strong family network and no longer remained compassionate about their deep traditional roots. They multiplied into generations and got success in their financial statuses but faced some heartbreaking problems when their 2nd and 3rd generation moved away from family bounding and pursued for American ideology. Krachinsky brought along their fine cultural, traditional and religious values which were later eroded by the strong social forces and were replaced by the modernize American Culture. (Paul Haspel, 2008) The story revolves around three ma in changes that the family suffered through, firstly when the family started moving to suburbs, Secondly Levinson emphasized on the get together with the extended families on special days like thanksgiving or church days, was no longer practiced or enjoyed together on a long dinner table in fact, gradually shrunk to small tables after the arrival of television, Third and the main point was that the succeeding generation started replacing their family names. The youth was driven slowly and gradually into cultural assimilation where they forgot their roots and traditional practices and ran for the charisma that the American Society carries. The limelight of fast pace American life has always attracted people regardless of their beliefs. This is what impressed Sam when he first stepped in America and saw the biggest and brightest celebrations and he realized that he made the right decision. Later he was proven wrong when he experienced the harsh attitudes from his own son and his wife. Levinson has brilliantly pictured the generation gap with all its components like adaptation of new technological advancements, upgrading lifestyles by moving to suburbs and doing a white collar jobs, replacement of their own sir names and keeping American names. (Haspel, 2008) The detoriation of cultural heritage effected and poisoned Sam gradually and ultimately when he finally saw his grandson visiting him in old home. It is about all immigrants who face such issues like language difference, religious difference and on the whole color differences. Whatever the picture, media and Hollywood presents, the problems that immigrants from all around the world face remains there but they have no direct way to popularize it therefore the world accept the picture which is neatly painted by the American media that how immigrants have successfully accomplished in America, ignoring the fact that they have sacrificed their precious norms in terms of their moral, religious and cultural values to get this materialistic improvement in life. There is no doubt that American land is charismatic, full of glitz and glam but at the same time it heavily lacks family life and discipline of human life which can never lose its essence no matter how much we progress and achieve in our life. Levinson developed an awesome piece with a

Internationalization Strategies: European Car Makers

Internationalization Strategies: European Car Makers The Automobile industry is one of the truly most global industries in the world today. The automobile has changed the lives, culture, and economy of the people and nations that manufacture and demand them. Ever since the late 1800s when the first modern car was invented by Benz and Daimler in Germany, the industry has grown into a billion dollar industry affecting so many aspects of our lives. It covers a global community catering needs which may be common among the entire community or specific to a particular community. Its challenging for the Managers and their companies to develop a strategy that outrun their competitors and serve their global customer base. Automotive Industry in Europe at a Glance The automotive industry is a major industry in the European economy involving a few vehicle manufacturing firms and about 2/3 of the production is outsourced to a substantial number of independent suppliers. The produce includes cars, light trucks and vans, buses and coaches, medium and heavy trucks, motorcycles and agricultural and forestry tractors. A lot of mergers and acquisitions have been the routine of the automotive industry. Currently DaimlerChrysler, Volkswagen (VW), BMW, Ford Europe, General Motors (GM) Europe, Renault, PSA (Peugeot-Citroà «n), Fiat and Porsche comprise the main EU car industry. Beside them, there are a good number of small manufacturers apart from some Japanese manufacturers production facilities in the EU. The Internationalization strategies by European car makers The car industry as a whole is much internationalised as it is easy to do business in different parts of the world. To an extent, a lot of multinational corporations of the industry are heavily based in their domestic markets for several reasons, such as cheaper labour and creating jobs for the local inhabitants. When it comes to sales, the industry is perhaps more global, for example in the USA, one of the top three leading cars Toyota is a Japanese company that has much of its production facilities and technical development in Japan but according to Data monitor- industry profile. The internationalisation of the industry has a long history as the car industry itself is old and prolific. The American car industry is said to date back to 1908 when the first automobile was built. Internationalisation is slightly older and has been linked with the ending of world war two for the majority of developed countries; however it is a fairly newer concept in emerging markets. Institutional differences are apparent as many companies entered emerging markets, such as Ford, an American manufacturer, entered many emerging markets such as the Japanese and Chinese. There are still trade barriers in many parts of the world but not many affect the selling of cars. The speed of internationalisation depends on the country where the car originates. In more economically developed countries it makes sense that the speed of internalisation is fast and furious, for example many countries aspire to live life in the American lifestyle, therefore the sale of American cars in emerging markets occurs at a faster rate than the other way round. Although recent events suggest this is no longer true, as now Japanese cars are outselling American cars in the USA industry. Japanese internationalisation occurred at a slower rate at first but then it took off as soon as other continents industries slowed and so Japan were able to capitalise. Volkswagen- volume and diversity model (Boyer and Freyssenet, 1999) Toyota- Profit Strategy (Keeping the total cost low, no matter in what market they are operating) Honda practiced Profit Strategy based on innovation and flexibility. Producing models with distinct features and launching them quickly before the competitors could copy them Companies such as GM and Fiat have reactivated a strategy based on volume and diversity by increasing the commonalisation of platforms; by re-engineering their equipment-making subsidiaries in such a way as to regain control over the value chain; and by developing employee polyvalence. PSA tried to implement a strategy based on the permanent reduction, irrespective of output, of costs, but the French group had to abandon this orientation when its employees took industrial action, and it has reverted to its previous emphasis on volume and diversity. Ford, which had pursued the same line, shifted towards a volume based strategy, and tried to design and sell world cars, each of which with its own platform. Chrysler was at first unclear about the direction to take, but then made the decision to modify its profit strategy so as to emphasise innovation and flexibility .For Renault and Rover, quality became the top priority and each firm has tried to upgrade its market presence, repositioning itself in its segments top half. Renault subsequently focused on innovation, but has progressively discovered that such an approach would require the complete re-organisation of its corporate structures. (Boyer and Freyssenet, 1999) Geographical characteristics of Internationalisation About 20 yrs back one can argue that the automobile industry was just concentrated in U.S, Europe and Japan. But Due Globalisation and aggressive Internationalisation strategies used the manufactures, the market is moving towards the developing the economies. Due to recession and saturated market in U.S and Japan the more sales are happening in the developing economies. Within the EU the top five Automobile producing countries are Germany, France, Italy, Spain and U.K and in the world the top five are Japan, U.S, China, Germany and France. The European market is the largest markets in terms of production (33%) followed by Japan (20%). Though ACEA 2010 reports states that China will soon overtake Japan and the U.S in terms of Production and sales of Automobiles. The stats also shows that big markets that once accounted for most of the production and sales are now saturated and diminishing. Manufactures has now moved into the emerging economies to reap the high growth rate and economic conditions prevailing in many of these economies. An e.g. for this is the growing number of production and assembly plants in countries like Brazil, China, India, Mexico, South- Korea, Poland. Entry strategies by European carmakers The European drive into central Europe has been spearheaded by Volkswagen and Fiat, both of whom see the region as a vital part of their global strategies, even if managerial resources are being strained in an effort to obtain a return on investment. Eastern Europes market can be split into two distinct areas: the Central European Free Trade Area (CEFTA) consisting of Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia and Slovakia and the rest. Naturally, it is the former that is attracting Western attention, especially as sales in the CEFTA are running at around 600,000 per annum and are likely to rise at 10 per cent a year for several years to come, with VW and Fiat each commanding 25 per cent of the market. Fiats main interest lies in Fiat Auto Poland which it acquired in 1992 through its purchase of Fabryka Samochodow Malolitrazowich (FSM) and since then has exported 50 per cent of output to Western European markets. At the time of purchase FSM was riddled with the inefficiencies comm only found in state-owned automakers in Central and Eastern Europe, but Fiat pledged to invest $2 billion in Poland by the year 2000, and part of this at the time of writing is being used to finance production of its Palio models which it hopes to sell worldwide. Turning to Russia, Fiat in 1997 embarked on an $850 million project with ZAO Nizhegorod Motors, owned by GAZ of Nizhy Novgorod to produce 150,000 Palio units a year. Fiat and ZAO each have 40 per cent of the equity with the remaining 20 per cent funded by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (JustAuto.co. 2000; Automotive News, 1996b). Volkswagen holdings in the East are due to its acquisition of Skoda and the taking over of former Trabant plants in the former East Germany. VW has already diversified and modernised Skodas model range and will use these to drive into emerging markets in the area, including Russia, Poland and Belarus. Despite the workforce being well educated and skilled, VW did not always find it easy to persuade Eastern workers to adapt to Western production methods and this is best illustrated in its former Trabant plant at Zwickau. The plant was modernised to produce the Polo and Golf models, but workers experienced severe cultural difficulties in adjusting to modern production methods despite being given extensive training. Building a Trabant involved considerable physical effort just to get the body parts to fit together and this gave a sense of achievement for the workers. Though modern technology and lean production methods removed the physical effort, it also took away the sense of pride and it took VW a considerable time to persuade the workforce of the virtues of modern technology. Nevertheless, both Fiat and VW are firmly installed in Eastern Europe and are about to be joined by Renault which has signed an agreement joining forces with the Moscow City Authorities to build cars in an old Moskvich plant. Of the European producers, VW and Fiat are clearly the most dominant in Eastern Europe and, provided resources are not overstretched, will probably gather a considerable harvest in the future compared to their rivals. But the European arms of both Ford and GM are moving in the same direction, too. Besides being established in Belarus and Poland, Ford has formed a joint venture with Bankirski Dom, near St Petersburg and GM have entered into a similar arrangement with AvtoVAZ at Togliatti, 1,000 kilometres south east of Moscow (Automotive News, 1996b). Finally, stretching beyond the frontiers of Eastern Europe, European firms are currently attempting to establish themselves in China. It was Peugeot that made the initial running when, in the early 1980s, it formed a joint venture in Guangzhou to produce its 404 and 505 models. Neither vehicle was suited to the Chinese market. They were too large, unsuitable for the roads and considered old fashioned by the Chinese when compared to other Western models. In the end, no more than 20,000 units were produced in any one year, and in 1998 Peugeot were forced to withdraw from the market. As Peugeot withered in the market, its other arm, Citroen, prospered in a new joint venture at Wuhan where a stripped down version of the ZX is produced in approximately 15,000 to 20,000 units per annum, a figure that will rise sharply in the coming years (Donnelly and Morris, 1997). Volkswagen by contrast have been far more successful in its joint ventures with the Shanghai Automobile Industrial Corporatio n and the First Auto Works at Changchun in Jilinn Province in the north east of the country. Since the mid-1980s, VW has produced its Santana model in China with frequent updating and has recently introduced its more modern Jetta, Passat and Bora models. These ventures have proved successful in that VW have roughly 50 per cent of the taxi market in China, but have yet to obtain any return on their capital as they, like other multinationals in other countries, have discovered the Chinese market is no crock of gold (Donnelly and Morris, 1997, JustAuto.co., 2000c). While other European firms such as Mercedes and Renault have signed declarations of intent with the Chinese and are waiting to see how the market develops, both Ford and GM have moved further down the road and have begun production at Changan and Guangzhou respectively. Similarly, Chinese hostility to Japanese producers has waned and both Suzuki and Toyota have begun to compete in the market. Current opinion is that the Chin ese market will grow steadily in the coming century and that it is better to enter this market in its infancy than to hesitate. The ball is firmly in the European court and firms must either gamble now on the prospects of return in the future or they might be too late. An outline of the main foreign market entry modes and An overview of the enterprise structures and controls used by firms Ford of Europe was founded in 1967 on a merger between the British and German divisions of the Ford Motor company. Founded in Detroit, Mich., in 1903 by Henry Ford and a group of investors, the company introduced the hugely successful Model T in 1908 and by 1923 was producing more than half of all U.S. automotive vehicles. Through the Lincoln Motor Co. (acquired in 1922), Ford produced luxury Lincolns and Continentals. After years of declining sales, the Model T was succeeded by the Model A in 1927; other companies such as General Motors took the opportunity to make serious inroads into Fords dominance. The company was reincorporated in 1919, with Ford and his family acquiring full ownership. Later acquisitions included Aston Martin and the Land Rover brand of sport utility vehicles. Ford also owns a significant share of the Mazda Motor Corp. Because of financial struggles at the beginning of the 21st century, the company sold off Aston Martin in 2007 and both Jaguar and Land Rover i n 2008. However, Ford occasionally outsells Toyota in shorter periods (most recently, during the summer months of 2009). As of 2008, Ford has become the second largest automaker in Europe (only behind Volkswagen), with sales that occasionally exceed those in the United States and large markets in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom. ( PaddockTalk). Ford Motor Co bought into China as a quick and low-cost way of entering the market. In contrast to Chrysler and GMs JV approach in China, Ford chose to acquire 20% of Jiangling Motor, a relatively small local auto producer. This helped in establishing their presence much quicker than their competitors and removed most of the barriers their competitors were facing such as management control and conflict. The European drive into central Europe has been spearheaded by Volkswagen and Fiat, both of whom see the region as a vital part of their global strategies, even if managerial resources are being strained in an effort to obtain a return on investment. Eastern Europes market can be split into two distinct areas: the Central European Free Trade Area (CEFTA) consisting of Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia and Slovakia and the rest. Naturally, it is the former that is attracting Western attention, especially as sales in the CEFTA are running at around 600,000 per annum and are likely to rise at 10 per cent a year for several years to come, with VW and Fiat each commanding 25 per cent of the market. Fiats main interest lies in Fiat Auto Poland which it acquired in 1992 through its purchase of Fabryka Samochodow Malolitrazowich (FSM) and since then has exported 50 per cent of output to Western European markets. At the time of purchase FSM was riddled with the inefficiencies comm only found in state-owned automakers in Central and Eastern Europe, but Fiat pledged to invest $2 billion in Poland by the year 2000, and part of this at the time of writing is being used to finance production of its Palio models which it hopes to sell worldwide. Turning to Russia, Fiat in 1997 embarked on an $850 million project with ZAO Nizhegorod Motors, owned by GAZ of Nizhy Novgorod to produce 150,000 Palio units a year. Fiat and ZAO each have 40 per cent of the equity with the remaining 20 per cent funded by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (JustAuto.co. 2000; Automotive News, 1996b). Volkswagen holdings in the East are due to its acquisition of Skoda and the taking over of former Trabant plants in the former East Germany. VW has already diversified and modernised Skodas model range and will use these to drive into emerging markets in the area, including Russia, Poland and Belarus. Despite the workforce being well educated and skilled, VW did not always find it easy to persuade Eastern workers to adapt to Western production methods and this is best illustrated in its former Trabant plant at Zwickau. The plant was modernised to produce the Polo and Golf models, but workers experienced severe cultural difficulties in adjusting to modern production methods despite being given extensive training. Building a Trabant involved considerable physical effort just to get the body parts to fit together and this gave a sense of achievement for the workers. Though modern technology and lean production methods removed the physical effort, it also took away the sense of pride and it took VW a considerable time to persuade the workforce of the virtues of modern technology. Nevertheless, both Fiat and VW are firmly installed in Eastern Europe and are about to be joined by Renault which has signed an agreement joining forces with the Moscow City Authorities to build cars in an old Moskvich plant. Of the European producers, VW and Fiat are clearly the most dominant in Eastern Europe and, provided resources are not overstretched, will probably gather a considerable harvest in the future compared to their rivals. But the European arms of both Ford and GM are moving in the same direction, too. Besides being established in Belarus and Poland, Ford has formed a joint venture with Bankirski Dom, near St Petersburg and GM have entered into a similar arrangement with AvtoVAZ at Togliatti, 1,000 kilometres south east of Moscow (Automotive News, 1996b). Finally, stretching beyond the frontiers of Eastern Europe, European firms are currently attempting to establish themselves in China. It was Peugeot that made the initial running when, in the early 1980s, it formed a joint venture in Guangzhou to produce its 404 and 505 models. Neither vehicle was suited to the Chinese market. They were too large, unsuitable for the roads and considered old fashioned by the Chinese when compared to other Western models. In the end, no more than 20,000 units were produced in any one year, and in 1998 Peugeot were forced to withdraw from the market. As Peugeot withered in the market, its other arm, Citroen, prospered in a new joint venture at Wuhan where a stripped down version of the ZX is produced in approximately 15,000 to 20,000 units per annum, a figure that will rise sharply in the coming years (Donnelly and Morris, 1997). Volkswagen by contrast have been far more successful in its joint ventures with the Shanghai Automobile Industrial Corporatio n and the First Auto Works at Changchun in Jilinn Province in the north east of the country. Since the mid-1980s, VW has produced its Santana model in China with frequent updating and has recently introduced its more modern Jetta, Passat and Bora models. These ventures have proved successful in that VW have roughly 50 per cent of the taxi market in China, but have yet to obtain any return on their capital as they, like other multinationals in other countries, have discovered the Chinese market is no crock of gold (Donnelly and Morris, 1997, JustAuto.co., 2000c). While other European firms such as Mercedes and Renault have signed declarations of intent with the Chinese and are waiting to see how the market develops, both Ford and GM have moved further down the road and have begun production at Changan and Guangzhou respectively. Similarly, Chinese hostility to Japanese producers has waned and both Suzuki and Toyota have begun to compete in the market. Current opinion is that the Chin ese market will grow steadily in the coming century and that it is better to enter this market in its infancy than to hesitate. The ball is firmly in the European court and firms must either gamble now on the prospects of return in the future or they might be too late.

Glamorization of War in Cranes Do not weep, maiden, for war is kind, Le Guins The Ones Who Wal :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Glamorization of War in Crane's Do not weep, maiden, for war is kind, Le Guin's The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas, Lovelace's To Lucasta, Going to the Wars and Owen's Dulce Et Decorum Est I dream sometimes about war. And the fear that follows the war drums. I dreamt once of my junior high teacher, a stocky woman with a passion for the middle ages, whipping me and my friends into an army with swords and shields, and then screaming that if we retreat even one step, we'll lose. If we lose, we die. So I took the burning line of the sword and stood in the mud waiting for war. I feared death, though not so much the end of life as the violence that would precede it. I feared whatever was waiting in the darkness beyond me. And then my dream shifted and my friends and I were swinging broomsticks in our upstairs study, facing nothing more threatening than one another. I don't understand my dreams. And I don't understand war. My only link to the repeated blood-baths of the early twentieth century are books and dreams. I wish I could say they ended neatly; that the characters, when the books closed, folded up their lives and went away and that the phantoms dispersed when I woke up. They don't. War doesn't end neatly either. The Imperial War Museum in London stands as an enormous monument to wars the British people can't forget. War has fed into what Jung would call their collective unconscious until it's as much apart of them as the lungs they draw breath with. I walked down a wide passageway in the basement of the Museum, a dim red light illuminating my way. Huge slabs of tan mat hung on the staggered walls. The spread of mat was broken only by the deafening silence of words: "Only the dead find an end to war." "War demands violence. Anything mediocre is foolhardy." The violence caught me off-guard, bringing a surge of rage-filled bile to my mouth. War demands violence. Demands. Violence. A young man from my quiet neighborhood was killed in a New York subway station trying to protect his mother.

Failures of Reconstruction Essay

General William T. Sherman’s meeting with the black leaders who would go successful and outstanding leaders of black people in the United States of America on January 12. 1865 somehow foreshadowed the coming of Reconstruction in this epoch. The meeting which united both white and black Americans who wished for the abolishment of bondage was besides the start of the partnership between these progressives and the inkinesss. In a decennary. several incidents happened which marked the greatest times in the black American history. Four yearss after the meeting. a land was given to the black Americans and mules that were non being used by the ground forces were besides given to them. This land will be the abode of more than 40. 000 freed slaves. Because of this. they hoped that their emancipation will non merely free them from bondage but besides give them the freedom to be economically independent and have genuine freedom. However. it seems that the battle for freedom can be forgotten and Reconstruction. that thing which should be unifying the tattered state will neglect and go one of the greatest failures in the American history. Why did Reconstruction neglect? Who was the one to fault? While there are these black Americans who extremely anticipated their freedom and progressives worked in redefining freedom for the remainder of both the black and white Americans. there will be a job that will neglect the Reconstruction epoch. After a decennary. people got tired of contending for freedom and shortly. there are jobs in line with the new disposal. After the black Americans were so successful to set up their ain lives and edifice churches. schools for black kids and establishments. a decennary subsequently. the battle for their freedom and rights all of a sudden met silence. Andrew Johnson confiscated all lands that were given to black Americans therefore get downing the failure in land reform which was given in 1865. At the same clip. he is non in favour of the rights being pushed by the Republicans for the interest of the Black Americans. His positions sing the freedom of the African-Americans were non in line with what these former slaves ought to hold. Hence. his thoughts of Reconstruction were the same ground why it failed. The politicians from the South can non accept emancipation and the autonomy that slaves must hold while the president is non in favour of the Reconstruction being pushed by the slaves and the Republicans. The failure of Reconstruction was brought by the fact that there are people who can non accept the world of emancipation and pushed what they wanted best for themselves than what is right for the remainder of the United States of America. Plants Cited Eric Foner. Give Me Liberty! An American History. 2e Volume II eBook from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. wwnorton. com/college/history/foner2v2_ebook/welcome. asp

Manistique Inc.

Manistique Inc. devised a safety compliance program within the organization whose aim is to train and monitor employees inducing low injury rates and higher safety compliance standards. Manistique offers rewards to employees with lower injury rates. The program was implemented on a large-scale throughout the organization amongst 83 plants. Without any statistical analysis it would be impossible to reach a conclusion as to whether the program has improvised the injury rates or not; however, individuals remark that there has been a slide in the injury rates depicting a favorable influence of the training program. The objective at Manistique is to standardize the program across the board so that there is ample saving on administrative costs incurred due to workplace injuries. Before this can be done so, the terms of the program have to be decided which will come in handy in convincing the management of the worthiness of this program. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between the terms of the safety program and the most two important measures of safety rates: 1. Safety attitudes 2. Time lost due to injuries. Making use of historical information as well as data available from the last quarter, this paper will use statistical techniques to reach a conclusion as to whether the safety program has been successful in lowering injury rates. Analysis The report is attached with the original dataset provided for the analysis of this report. We shall begin by analyzing the correlations between the different variables in the dataset to ascertain a conclusion as to whether the program has really improved safety attitudes and improved the time lost in injuries or whether the change is statistically insignificant Correlation between safe training attitude (safetrain) & i) Total number of injuries (tinjuries) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: The low positive value of the correlation co-efficient suggests that there is no significant relationship between the safety attitude and the actual number of workplace injuries i. e. the attitude has not helped the practical level of injuries incurred at Manistique. For a significant cause-and-effect relationship the value of the correlation coefficient should have been positively larger. i) Total number of deaths (tfatalities) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: The correlation co-efficient is negative (as should not have been the case). The value is not significantly high (very close to 0), which suggests that safety standards have hardly any influence in lowering the number of deaths at Manistique. On the other hand it has slightly increased the number of injuries (correlation co-efficient is slightly positive). Thus, safety attitudes have not at all been effective in reducing the number of injuries. iii) Disability days (disabdays) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: Again the negative value suggests that there is a negative relationship between safety attitude and disability days (the lower the attitude, the lower the disability days). However, the value of the correlation co-efficient is very small which negates any strong relationship between the two variables. Correlation between safety support from co-workers (safesupport) & i) Total number of injuries (tinjuries) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: The correlation coefficient is positive. This suggests that the increased safety support from co-workers actually has a positivee influence as it results in a drop in number of injuries at Manistique. However the low value of the coefficient suggests no strong cause-and-effect relationship for the program implemented at Manistique. ii) Total number of deaths (tfatalities) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: The correlation co-efficient is negative (as should not have been the case). This negates all possibilities of a favorable influence of the coworker safety in reducing the number of deaths at Manistique; in fact, the relationship is quite the opposite with a very small magnitude. iii) Disability days (disabdays) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: The low negative value again brings the conclusion that there exists a negative relationship but the degree of influence is very meek. This brings about the conclusion that there is no significant influence of the co-worker support attitude on the number of disability days; it is quite the opposite. Correlation between safety support from co-workers (feelsafe) & i) Total number of injuries (tinjuries) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: The correlation co-efficient is negative (as should have been the case). However, the highly negligible value of the co-efficient suggests no significant relationship between a feeling of safety amongst the workers and the actual injuries at Manistique. ii) Total number of deaths (tfatalities) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: The correlation coefficient is positive (as should not have been the case). Increasing confidence held by a worker that he/she is safe does not decrease the number of injuries at Manistique; rather it increases it weakly. This is ample evidence for a lack of good relationship between the two variables. iii) Disability days (disabdays) Using the CORREL function in Excel, the value for the correlation co-efficient was: The low negative value again brings the conclusion that there exists a positive relationship but the degree of influence is very meek. This brings about the conclusion that there is no significant influence of the belief of safety held by a worker on the number of disability days. Conclusion Based on the calculations made in the above section, the conclusion that can be formed here is quite obvious and brief: the new safety compliance program at Manistique has no significant influence upon improving the number of injuries, fatalities or disability days at Manistique. The training program, co-worker support regarding the safety program or even the belief held by the workers that their safety has increased as a result of the program have no cause-and-effect relationship good enough to reduce the number of worker injuries, deaths and the number of disability days at Manistique. Moving barely above the 0. 1 correlation level, there is no need for statistical hypothesis testing methods to be employed in reaching the conclusion. At any confidence level, these values are sufficiently weak enough to conclude that the safety compliance program is of significant importance in saving administrative costs for Manistique by reducing the number of injuries, deaths or disability days at Manistique.

Health Benefits of decriminalizing Marijuana Essays

Health Benefits of decriminalizing Marijuana Essays Health Benefits of decriminalizing Marijuana Essay Health Benefits of decriminalizing Marijuana Essay The thought of legalizing marijuana has elicited a raging debate with supporters of the move pointing out the benefits whereas the opponents citing the disadvantages of taking such an initiative. In the United States, individuals are generally opposed to the legalization of marijuana save for its medicinal use. According to a poll conducted jointly by the Associated Press and CNBC, 55% of the population is opposed to decriminalization of marijuana whereas only 33% of the population is for the legalization of the drug (Risling, para 5). In the poll, it was found that majority of those in support of legalization of marijuana belonged to an age group of below 30 years. The poll also revealed that the states in the Western region were most likely to approve medicinal use of the drug whereas women, Republicans, and rural folks were likely to argue against legalization of marijuana (Risling, para 5). Health Benefits of decriminalizing Marijuana: Those in support of legalization of marijuana points out that alcohol and cigarettes are legal substances yet marijuana is criminalized. Marijuana has been used for medicinal purposes from the historical past. Historians claim that cannabis has been used by mankind as an antiseptic and a drug in traditional societies. Other medical uses of marijuana emerged in the Middle East, Africa and Eastern Europe (Solomon, p 12). During the 19th century, marijuana became accepted for medicinal purposes by the medical practitioners within the western societies especially after the Napoleon army returned from Egypt. Previously, cannabis was restricted to treating burns. The Napoleonic army was interested in the drug’s ability to relieve pain and its sedative effects. In the United States, medicinal interest of marijuana developed during the 1860s when the Panel on Cannabis indica of the Ohio State Medical Society revealed the healing capabilities of the drug (Roth, para 5). Marijuana has been confirmed to be having medicinal benefits as it is associated with treating glaucoma, offering relief to chemotherapy patients, and treating psychological problems like the social and anxiety disorders. Marijuana is also known to relieve stress that comes from physical and emotional distress. Proponents of legalization of marijuana have also argued that though marijuana is associated with some harmful effects, other legalized drugs including tobacco and alcohol are even more harmful as research indicates that nicotine is highly addictive compared to marijuana. Also, there are more deaths associated with tobacco smoking and alcohol than from use of marijuana (Martine, para 1). Health Risks of Decriminalizing Marijuana: Opponents of legalization of marijuana argue that the drug has been associated with many health risks both mental and physical. It is said that marijuana smoke contains carcinogenic hydrocarbons which could lead to the development of cancer. Marijuana is said to cause ‘dysregulated growth’ of the epithelial cellular lining of the lungs which may be the starting point for the development of cancer. Since marijuana is a mind-altering drug, it leads to hallucinations and an impaired cognition. The long term use of the drug may lead to irreversible impacts on the brain and its functioning. There have been revelations that intensive use of the drug may lead to mental disorders such as anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and suicidal tendencies (Martine, para 6). Decriminalization of marijuana for whatever reason whether it is medical or any other may lead to ease in accessing the drug for the wrong reasons. Legalizing the use of marijuana will amount to abandoning the already positive steps that have been achieved in the fight against drugs. The fight against drug use is facilitated through a well balanced model of deterrence, enforcement, and management of the drugs. Illegal drugs are so due to their harmful nature thus there is no need to decriminalize such substances as an afterthought. Marijuana smoking has not been scientifically approved as medicinal. The version of marijuana that has some scientific approval for its medicinal value is the ‘marinol’ (Boire, p 12). This therefore holds no ground for the legalization of marijuana in its whole meaning. In any case that the use of marijuana will be legalized; there is a high chance that high levels of use and addiction will be recorded (Solomon, p 25). Conclusion: There is no doubt that legalization of marijuana is a contestable issue with each side championing for its course. However, a keen look at the scenario indicates that the benefits of decriminalizing marijuana are of little significance when compared to the associated risks. The fact that tobacco and alcohol are legal despite their health risks should not be advanced in looking for the legalization of marijuana. Tobacco and other legal drugs are harmful to human health but that should not mean that we should introduce other harmful drugs in the market. Already we are feeling the toll of drinking and tobacco smoking in our society and adding marijuana to the equation would not help. Though the medicinal implications of marijuana can not be wished away, research should concentrate on other alternatives other than focusing on marijuana. Legalizing marijuana would bring a situation where it will be difficult to control its use as the drug will be readily available to abusers. Work Cited: Boire, R. Glen. Marijuana law. 1996. Oakland, CA: Ronin Pub. Martine, Michael. â€Å"Devil Weed† – To Legalize or Not. Retrieved on 12th May 2010 from; http://sirmons. wordpress. com/2010/04/20/devil-weed-to-legalize-or-not/. Risling, Greg. Most in U. S. against legalizing pot, poll shows: But more are accepting of medical marijuana, AP-CNBC survey says. 2010. Retrieved on 12th May 2010 from; msnbc. msn. com/id/36650347/ns/health-more_health_news/. Roth, Rebecca. Medical Marijuana. Retrieved on 12th May 2010 from; http://serendip. brynmawr. edu/exchange/node/1901 Solomon, Snyder. Legalization: A Debate. The Encyclopedia of Psychoactive Drugs. 1988. Series 2. Chelsea House Publishers. New York.

Parliamentary Supremacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Parliamentary Supremacy - Essay Example This actually outlines why the term parliamentary supremacy has been used. â€Å" Judicial statements that the court must simply interpret and apply that which had been so enacted, and may not question the procedure by which these consents were given, represent, therefore, no more than the rule of recognition in practice.†2 He doctrine of the legislative supremacy of parliament has been so firmly established that it has scarcely been challenged in the courts. When Canon Selwyn made an application questioning the validity of the Royal Assent to the Irish Church Disestablishment Act 1869 as being inconsistent with the coronation oath and the Act of settlement, Cockburn C.J, and Blackburn J in refusing the application said:† There is no judicial body in the country by which the validity of an Act of parliament can be questioned. An Act of legislature is superior in authority to any court of law†¦.and no court could pronounce a judgment as to the validity of an Act of parliament.†3 In Martin v O’sullivan4, Nourse J and the court of appeal refused to consider a claim that proceedings in thee House of Commons during the passage of the Bill which became the social security Act 1975 were invalid because the members of the House were all disqualified from sitting. There was, according to the judges, a fundamental answer to this case, namely, that a court only look at the parliamentary roll of statutes and if it appeared that an Act had passed both Houses of parliament and had received Royal assent it could look no further. In Attorney-General for the New South Wales v Trethowan5, the constitution(Legislative council Amendment)Act 1929, an Act of the New South Wales parliament provided that the parliament’s upper House could not be abolished except by a Bill approved in a referendum after completing its parliamentary

In-Office Nuclear Cardiac Stress Lab Term Paper

In-Office Nuclear Cardiac Stress Lab - Term Paper Example This report will take into consideration the financial, health and economic implications of adding an in-office nuclear cardiac stress lab as an investment to an existing eight-physician cardiology practice while taking into consideration the expected returns, compliance to Stark physician self-referral law and recommendation on whether the project remains viable or not. More importantly, it is essential to undertake assumptions upon which the evaluation of the project is based on. One of the assumptions is that as a profit making organization, the project implemented should give high levels of returns that are of additional value to the existence of the healthcare facility as a whole. In addition, the forecasted revenues and expenses are expected to remain constant over the period in which the project is functional. Nonetheless, the initial costs comprising of marketing expenses, clinician education cost are paid only once at the initial start of the project. More so, the rest of th e expenses and revenues remain constant for the rest of the project life cycle (Moyer et al., 2012). Finally, the investment in the in-office nuclear cardiac stress lab will be a long-term project that is expected to last for a longer period. Estimated net revenue and volume projections More significantly, an analysis of the data issued based on income and expenses issued in the spreadsheet are more likely to be based on the initial costs and revenues to be recovered on implementation of the project. Nonetheless, the main question is based on considerations made in case the project become a success or failure and the revenue collected would face increase or decrease in the estimated net revenue and volume projections (Young, 2003). As a result, the changes in volume projections should influence the estimated net revenue over the years as the project is expected to be a long time. Payor mix and contract rates, including bad debt assumptions Considerably, the payor mix influence the a mount of collections that go to the contractor who is involved with the implementation of the project (Moyer et al., 2012). Nonetheless, the current contract rates through allowance of $941,223 seem to be favorable in case they are paid at the initial project outlay because it still ensures that financial benefits derived from the project remains viably high. Considering that bad debt include those revenues that are likely to be defaulted by the customers, the estimated value is high as it stands at $149,363. Capital expenditures and start-up costs In most cases, capital expenditure relates to the cash from a business that is spent on purchasing of new fixed assets that are entitled to give the business-increased benefits. More so, the capital expenditures relate to the start-up costs of investment projects for example, the implementation of the initial outlay in-office nuclear cardiac stress lab allows expenses to initiate the costs. However, it is advisable to recover the capital expenditure and the start up costs over a lifecycle period within which the project yields free cash flow (Moyer et al., 2012). Therefore, the costs that attribute to the start up costs and capital expenditu

Benefits of Risk Management, Risk Management Frameworks Assignment

Benefits of Risk Management, Risk Management Frameworks - Assignment Example Importance of Risk Management Risk Management is extremely crucial because it helps the decision-making process regarding viability and competitiveness between organizations. It also helps in the creation of value which is the main factor to manage the business better in global markets when all organizations have equal access to available resources because then business processes to congregate on international standards. Operational efficiency can be increased by having plans for risk management already in place because it enables a business to do more for less. This means putting aside resources from regular expenditures in making strategic investments which will support company goals. A large percentage of the budget is spent on keeping the business running. Progressive organizations must have contingency plans to develop and expand resource deployment and implementation which will spare resources to concentrate on risk management strategies. (Mes 2010). Benefits of Risk Management Risk is always associated with insecurity and improbabilities with the possibility of things not turning out as expected. The benefits of risk management are that the organization is fully prepared for such eventualities and has a mechanism in place to handle risks and minimize losses. It is not possible to totally eliminate all risks, so good risk management develops awareness of risks when times are good, and perpetuates regulations and self-control during crises (Raz and Michael 2001). The benefits of risk management can be both long and short term. Accordingly, each stage of risk management efforts beginning from risk identification and evaluation and formulating alleviation or improvement strategies has its own benefits (Miller 1992). Question 2: Compare and contrast Management of Risk with another risk management framework (such as that offered in chapter 7 of Project Management by Larson and Gray), highlighting the similarities and differences between them.  

The Backscatter X-Ray Essay Example for Free

The Backscatter X-Ray Essay The backscatter X-ray is the right choice when compared to traditional X-rays or metal detectors. On December 27, 2006, the author, Thomas Frank,whom is the aviation security correspondant for USA Today, wrote, X-ray Tests Both Security, Privacy, and made valid points concerning the fear of radiation, how easily it finds metal guns and knives, and the provacy issue that surrounds X-ray technology (5). Throughout this essay Thomas Frank was able to write about the facts surrounding X-rays and keep hs opinion out of the article therefore giving his readers the chance to form their own belief. This essay was written to analyze which belief to choose. Should the public be against the backscatter X-ray because of radiation exposure or is safety against terrorists the better option? The fear of over-exposure to radiation is laughable at best. Its like being out in the sun for 15 to 20 minutes (5). Being out in the sun can in reality be a good thing. Through sunlight the body absorbs vitamin D which is needed for strong bones and teeth. Everyone gets sun exposure on an everyday basis. Its not a bad thing to have a little sun. Take people whom use artificial light to tan. A waiver must be signed before exposing the body to the light. This waiver states that skin cancer may occur with use; eye damage is possible with exposure. Tanners sign this form without another thought because artificial light is the same as being out in the sun. A waiver is not availabe for people to sign at the airport. Why is this? Is it because radiation damage is higher with artificial light thereby being higher with sunlight versus the backscatter X-ray? If so, should the public stay inside their house and avoid sunlight at all cost? They are foolproof when it comes to finding metal guns and metal knives (6). Clark Kent Ervin whom is the former Homeland Security Department inspector said during the interview. He stated, screeners repeatedly missed hidden weapons (6). If screeners are missing hidden weapons wouldnt the obvious choice be to use the backscatter X-ray? Isnt the publics safety more important? Our airport security has already been compromised once with September 11 . If there is anything that can prevent that from happening again then it should be done. Our safety is top priority. Backscatter X-rays dont show anything on the body deemed indecent. It only shows whats carried on the body. People really need to understand that the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) is putting in place technologythat does in fact do a digital strip search and stores those images at least temporarily, said Marc Rotenberg of the Electronic Privacy Information Center (5). Temporarily is the key. Whom cares about a picture being taken as long as its temporary? Its not as if the image is going to be stored forever and displayed worldwide. The TSA, however, says the images are cartoonlike sketches that show only outlines of each passenger and are never stored (5). The images arent stored so the public doesnt need to worry about the images being released. Cartoonlike sketches means that its not even a real human body. It doesnt look like a person at all. Its just an outline that looks cartoonlike at that. Theres nothing wrong with cartoons. I grew up watching them as a child as did many others. $100,000 backscatter machine finds many weapons missed by screeners and metal detectors (6). Finding weapons as soon as possible can be the difference between life and death. A machine that finds weapons more often than not should be used in place of a machine that is likely to miss. Although the backscatter X-ray is not going to catch everything that it scans it will make it harder for terrorists to sneak weapons on a plane. The object is not to prevent everything that can conceivably happen, he said, the object is to make it difficult (6). The fact claim the author is making is supported by the examples given in the article. Some examples include quotes from Marc Rotenberg and Frank Cerra. The warrant that connects the fact claim and support are digital strip search (5) and being out in thesun for 15 to 20 minutes (5). It seems these details were said to persuade the interviewer and readers of this article. Someone would need 2,500 backscatter scans a year before reaching the limits of safe radiation exposure (5). These guidelines are provided by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements so therefore even frequent flyers will be protected from over-exposure to radiation. In closing, the authors fact claim of backscatter X-ry versus regular X-ray and metal detectors have been clearly stated. He went into detail giving both sides concerning radiation, worth, and privacy. Overall the essay was an effective argument that gave information from both sides equally. With public safety a concern the conflicts that arise concerning this matter should be of no importance. The public has a right to be protected no matter what it takes.