Hierarchy of Roman Offices in the Cursus Honorum

Hierarchy of Roman Offices in the Cursus Honorum The order of advancement through elected offices (magistracies) in Republican Rome was known as the cursus honorum. The sequence of offices in the cursus honorum meant that an office couldnt be skipped, in theory. There were exceptions. There were also optional offices that could be steps along the cursus honorum. Sequence Leading to the Top Office of Consul A Roman male of the upper classes became Quaestor before he could be elected Praetor. He had to be elected Praetor before Consul, but the candidate need not have been either an Aedile or Tribune. Other Requirements for Progress Along the Cursus Honorum The Quaestor candidate had to be at least 28. Two years had to elapse between the end of one office and the beginning of the next step on the cursus honorum. The Roles of the Cursus Honorum Magistrates and the Senate Originally, the magistrates sought the advice of the Senate when and if they wished. Over time, the Senate, which was made up of the magistrates past and present, insisted on being consulted. Insignia of the Magistrates and Senators Once admitted to the Senate, the magistrate wore a wide purple stripe on his tunic. This was called the latus clavus. He also wore a special scarlet colored shoe, the calceus mulleus, with a C on it. Like the equestrians, senators wore gold rings and sat in the reserved front row seats at performances. The Meeting Place of the Senate The Senate usually met in the Curia Hostilia, north of the Forum Romanum and facing the street called the Argiletum. [See Forum Map.] At the time of Caesars assassination, in 44 B.C., the Curia was being rebuilt, so the Senate met in Pompeys theater. The Magistrates of the Cursus Honorum Quaestor: The first position in the cursus honorum was Quaestor. The term of Quaestor lasted a year. Originally there were two Quaestors, but the number increased to four in 421, to six in 267, and then to eight in 227. In 81, the number was increased to twenty. The Assembly of the thirty-five tribes, the Comitia Tributa, elected Quaestors. Tribune of the Plebs: Annually elected by the plebeian section of the Assembly of the Tribes (Comitia Tributa), known as the Concilium Plebis, there were originally two  Tribunes of the Plebs, but by 449 B.C., there were ten. The Tribune held great power. His physical person was sacrosanct, and he could veto anyone, including another Tribune. A Tribune could not, however, veto a dictator. The office of Tribune was not a mandatory stage of the cursus honorum. Aedile:  The Concilium Plebis elected two Plebeian Aediles each year. The Assembly of the thirty-five tribes or Comitia Tributa elected two  Curule Aediles annually. It was not necessary to be an Aedile while following the cursus honorum. Praetor:  Elected by the Assembly of the Centuries, known as the Comitia Centuriata, the Praetors held office for a year. The number of Praetors increased from two to four in 227; and then to six in 197. In 81, the number was increased to eight. Praetors were accompanied by two lictores within the confines of the city. The lictores carried the ceremonial rods and ax or fasces that could, in fact, be used to inflict punishment. Consul:  The Comitia Centuriata or Assembly of the Centuries elected 2 Consuls annually. Their honors included being accompanied by 12 lictores and wearing the toga praetexta. This is the top rung of the cursus honorum. Sources Marsh, Frank Burr; revised by H.H. Scullard. A History of the Roman World From 146 to 30 B.C. London: Methuen Co. Ltd., 1971.www.theaterofpompey.com/rome/reviewmagist.shtml Regular Magistracies of the Roman Republic From T. S. R. Broughtons Magistrates of the Roman Republic.The Procedure of the Senate, by A. G. Russell.  Greece Rome, Vol. 2, No. 5 (Feb., 1933), pp. 112-121.Jona Lendering Cursus Honorum

Answers to Common Questions About Making Slime

Answers to Common Questions About Making Slime Here are answers to common questions about making slime, concerning slime ingredients, coloring slime, and storing slime: Making Translucent or Opaque Slime Basically, your slime will be about as transparent as the glue you use to make it. If you use white school glue, then your slime will be opaque. If you use translucent clear or blue glue gel (or another see-through color), then your slime will be translucent. Mixing Slime Solutions in Advance You can prepare the borax and glue solutions days or weeks before actually making the slime. How to Color Slime If your glue is tinted, then your slime will be colored. You can mix food coloring in with either slime-making solution. You can also add glitter or other decorations. Slime's Shelf Life Slime doesnt go bad, but you might want to toss it if it develops mold or dries out. Refrigerated slime, kept in a sealable plastic bag, should last for a couple of weeks, though even unrefrigerated bags have lasted much longer.

Should Military Personnel Receive Extra Rights GP week 2 Essay

Should Military Personnel Receive Extra Rights GP week 2 - Essay Example As a result, the military should not be any different from civilians in their rights, including drinking, if the crimes in our society are to be prevented and punished. Soldiers have almost the same civil rights as civilians. The Congress passed civil rights laws ensuring that soldiers’ civil rights are no different from those of civilians. Moreover, as any civilian, a soldier is entitled to an attorney, marriage, voting, inheritance and several other rights. However, unlike civilians, soldiers are not allowed to run for office, be it partisan or nonpartisan, especially if it conflicts with their duties (Globalsecurity.org, 2012). There are arguments that soldiers should in fact have more rights. They have more duties. As a result, one could argue that soldiers too could be allotted some additional rights. In 2010, there was a discussion in the Congress that drinking age should be returned to 18 for soldiers. The argument was that if they are considered adults enough to die for their country, then they can be adults with a beer in their hand too, regardless of the fact that alcohol caused over 25,000 deaths in 2009 (Bishop, 2010; Kochanek et al., 2011, p.11). The bill was rejected. Historically, there was a way for soldiers to become immune in front of the court – martial. Such example was in Hirshberg v. Cooke (1949), where a soldier was in captivity by the Japanese (Everett, 1960, p.373). He was released, discharged from the Navy and then reenlisted the following day (Everett, 1960, p.373). However, when his crimes against other captives were discovered, the court – martial could not try him under another enlistment. He was set free. Another important case is of two Special Forces units who murdered and disposed of a third member (Everett, 1960, p.373). They were out of the military when their crimes were discovered. However, civilian courts could not try them, and since

Strategic Plan for a Popcorn vending business Research Paper

Strategic Plan for a Popcorn vending business - Research Paper Example The names of management team members are John Smith, Jessica Wilson, Michelle Williams, Peter D’Souza and Tracy Crosby; the company was founded to meet the growing demand of high quality and efficient popcorn vending machines. The company has grown from one location in a shopping mall to five different locations in various parts of the town; the expansion has been done in a period of two years and it is expected that the number of locations will expand further in future as vending machine industry is expected to grow at an accelerating rate of about 10% (Gerdees, 4). In order to penetrate further in the vending industry, the company aims to introduce new and innovative commercial vending machines for restaurants along with food and beverage equipment. Currently, the company is employing a secretary, one general manager, two supervisors, ten paid line employees and an accounting manager. Since the company is small, there is also one Human Resource Manager, one Production, Operations & IT manager and one Marketing & Sales manager. The span of control and line of communication is shown in the following figure: The management team ensures that the communication in the organization is open so that the employees can have easy exchange of information and the business plans are effectively developed and implemented. With the help of the organization chart, everyone within the organization will be aware of their reporting responsibilities that who will be evaluating their job and performance. The chart will even ensure that everything is well-organized and co-ordinated. At present, the company is manufacturing the pop corn vending machines for small organizations and it is planning to design customized popcorn vending machines in the next two years that can be placed in public places so that the pop corns are easily accessible by the people. However, the company will offer newly designed coffee vending machines along with soft drinks vending machines so

World War 1 :: World War I WWI WW1

World War 1 The question is who and/or what caused World War 1? Well at the turn of the twentieth century Europe seemed to enjoy a period of peace of progress. But below the surface several forces were at the work and would lead Europe into the Great War. There were many causes of World War 1. Three important causes were: the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, the tangle of alliances, and the costs of war. These causes had a great toll on World War 1 and questioned the thought if it would ever end. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand was when the crisis began. He was going to visit Sarajevo which was the capital of Bosnia. And Bosnia at the time was under the rule of Austria Hungary. When he came to visit it made the Serbian Nationalists very angry. The date that the Archduke decided to visit was a special date in Serbian history(June 28). So on June 28, 1914, as the archduke rode through Sarajevo in an open car, one of conspirators hurled a bomb. But it missed Archduke Ferdinand and injured an officer in another car. Later on, the archduke asked to visit the wounded officer in the hospital. He did not know that the conspirator was still waiting. When the car set out Gavrilo Princip sprang and shot twice in the back seat. Moments later the wife and the archduke were dead. The costs of war made the tragedy even worse. More than 8.5 million people were dead. When a pandemic was spread throughout the whole world it killed more than 20 million people- twice as many as the war itself. There were financial burdens with the cost of rebuilding and paying which would burden an already burdened world. Everyone everywhere felt bitter about the war. The allies blamed the problems on the defeated enemies and that they made payments for the war damage. Also under the stress of war, governments had collapsed in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. Dreams of building a new social order from the chaos had come to an end. The tangle of alliances intended to create powerful combinations that no one would dare attack. World War 1 :: World War I WWI WW1 World War 1 The question is who and/or what caused World War 1? Well at the turn of the twentieth century Europe seemed to enjoy a period of peace of progress. But below the surface several forces were at the work and would lead Europe into the Great War. There were many causes of World War 1. Three important causes were: the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand, the tangle of alliances, and the costs of war. These causes had a great toll on World War 1 and questioned the thought if it would ever end. The assassination of Archduke Ferdinand was when the crisis began. He was going to visit Sarajevo which was the capital of Bosnia. And Bosnia at the time was under the rule of Austria Hungary. When he came to visit it made the Serbian Nationalists very angry. The date that the Archduke decided to visit was a special date in Serbian history(June 28). So on June 28, 1914, as the archduke rode through Sarajevo in an open car, one of conspirators hurled a bomb. But it missed Archduke Ferdinand and injured an officer in another car. Later on, the archduke asked to visit the wounded officer in the hospital. He did not know that the conspirator was still waiting. When the car set out Gavrilo Princip sprang and shot twice in the back seat. Moments later the wife and the archduke were dead. The costs of war made the tragedy even worse. More than 8.5 million people were dead. When a pandemic was spread throughout the whole world it killed more than 20 million people- twice as many as the war itself. There were financial burdens with the cost of rebuilding and paying which would burden an already burdened world. Everyone everywhere felt bitter about the war. The allies blamed the problems on the defeated enemies and that they made payments for the war damage. Also under the stress of war, governments had collapsed in Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. Dreams of building a new social order from the chaos had come to an end. The tangle of alliances intended to create powerful combinations that no one would dare attack.

Path †Goal Theory and the Jeanne Lewis Case Essay

In the Path-Goal Theory of leadership, the leader is effective when their behavior has an impact on motivation. Follower satisfaction and performance can be improved by offering rewards for goals, clarifying the path to goal achievement, and removing impediments to task execution. Path-Goal Theory is related to the Expectancy model, which concludes that people are motivated if they see their efforts contributing to a desired goal. The behavior of the follower and the leader are linked, so the correct application of the Path-Goal Theory includes recognizing the situation of the follower and adopting a corresponding leader behavior. Jeanne Lewis held several different roles during her employment at Staples, Inc. (Suesse, 2000). There are four leader behaviors in the Path-Goal model, each of which was used by Lewis at different times and in different situations. The following examples include a discussion of Lewis’ behavior, how her behavior relates to the Path-Goal model, employees response to Lewis’ behavior, and how the employees’ behavior relates to the Path-Goal Theory. Achievement Leadership In 1994 Lewis was promoted to New England Director of Operations, inheriting an organization lacking in strong leadership, but with knowledgeable employees. Lewis replaced some employees, set aggressive performance goals and challenged employees. These actions are indicative of the Achievement leadership style, wherein the leader is both demanding and supportive, sets challenging goals, seeks continuous improvement, expects high performance, and encourages workers to assume more responsibility (Woolard, 2009). Lewis’ employees responded with increased motivation; launching new training programs and setting high goals for themselves. This behavior is representative of the Path-Goal theory wherein followers adopt high goals leading to improved satisfaction and performance (Hersey, 2008, p. 00). The Achievement Leadership style is used when there is a lack of job challenge in the follower. Directive Leadership Lewis was then moved to Merchandising, another area in which she had no direct work experience. With no time for her reports to teach her the ins and outs of merchandising, Lewis adopted the style of a Directive Leader and told her staff to â€Å"fix it and fix it fast†. The Directive Leader tells what is expected, how and when to do it and communicates how the task fits in with other tasks in the organization. The response from her employees to this style was favorable. They expanded their thinking beyond just the cost of the product and the selling price, developing strategic thinking which resulted in a tripling of the direct product profitability. Lewis’ boss, Richard Gentry, remarked, â€Å"Jeanne demonstrated that you can be a good merchant but you can also be strategic and think outside of the four walls† (Suisse, 2000, p. 5). The impact to the follower of the Directive leadership style is clarification of the path to the goal. The employees expanded their thinking to encompass the broad steps in their path to expected unit performance. Supportive Leadership When Lewis was selected to replace the departing Executive Vice President of Marketing, Todd Krasnow, she once again had to adapt her leadership style in response to her team. Lewis was placed in charge of retail marketing and small business to learn the ropes during Krasnow’s final time at Staples. The department was comprised of two different groups: marketing and an in-house advertising agency. When she challenged a marketing program with the direct, â€Å"rough and tumble† style she was accustomed to using in her previous assignments in operations and merchandising, the person presenting the idea was devastated. Lewis would have to adopt a Supportive style or would â€Å"have people leaving my office in tears and end up accomplishing nothing†. Lewis made an effort to be approachable, with an open door policy. In this situation, where the follower lacks self confidence, a Supportive or Relationship behavior is needed. The Supportive Leader demonstrates concern for the well being of followers and is open and approachable. Employees responded favorably to her change in style. Supportive leader behavior has in it the objective to increase confidence in the follower, thereby increasing their productivity and performance. Participative Leadership When merger plans with Office Depot were blocked by the courts, the Staples management team refocused on growth and profitability of the Staples brand. In Lewis’ mind, the marketing department was the â€Å"brand champion and key support for other departments†. The department was divided, however, with a marketing and advertising side that did not operate in concert. Lewis remarked, â€Å"the thought I would go home with at night was, if they knew more, then they would do a better job. † Lewis began holding staff meetings in an attempt to share information and decision making and break down the wall between the departments. I was amazed that while we had this huge marketing budget that everyone shared, no one knew what the other people were doing† (Suesse, 2000, p. 8). A Participative Leader approaches the task in a consulting, group-wise manner. They share work problems and solicit suggestions in an effort to include the entire organization in the decision -making process. Lewis expanded meetings with direct reports in an attempt to increase group interaction and encouraged advertising managers to share their work across business unit boundaries. This style changes reward and clarifies the needs of the followers. In Lewis’ case she was able to get key stakeholders in differing departments to buy in to more strategic thinking. Jeanne Lewis was given ever increasing responsibility at Staples due to her ability to adapt her leadership style to match the changing needs of her subordinates. By following the Path-Goal Theory, Lewis was able to harness the power of her followers and achieve success for the organization.

Style Analysis of Amy Tan in The Joy Luck Club - 1593 Words

Raymond Chandler, a fiction writer, once said, The most durable thing in writing is style. True, the style is often defined as one of the most important elements in writing. In Amy Tans novel, The Joy Luck Club, the style significantly contributes to the development of both the tone and the theme of the influences that a mother can have on her daughter. The author effectively portrays the somber tone and the theme by using a concise style of diction, images, details, language, sentence structure, point of view, and organization. The author emphasizes the tone and the theme of the novel by using a variety of diction words that include repetition of words, archaic words, connotation, and abstract diction. Primarily, the usage of†¦show more content†¦During the night, Lena hears shouts across the wall and also whack! whack! whack!, the sounds of killing (Tan 114). The sight and sound imageries seem to indicate a lachrymose tone in Lenas house. In general, these imageries provide a picture of melancholy, which achieves a somber tone of the novel. Furthermore, the author explores the tone of the novel by providing specific details. In An-meis childhood story, the author chooses to describe the pain An-mei feels as the soup pours over her by providing details of the twinge. She describes it as the kind of pain [specially] terrible that a little child should never remember it and how it still remains in [An-meis] skins memory (Tan 39). By depicting these details of the pain, Tan expresses the feeling of misery An-mei feels, which appends to the melancholy tone. Additionally, in the story of Ying-yings first marriage, the author presents explicit details of the emptiness Ying-ying feels by portraying details of her as a tiger that neither pounce[s] nor lay[s] waiting between the trees and an unseen spirit (Tan 285). This emptiness Ying-ying feels seems to indicate the melancholy tone that appears noticeable in the novel. Clearly, the details Amy Tan chooses to describe in the novel seem to specify the somber tone. Likewise, the language the author uses also clarifies the tone and the theme of the novel. In many positions in the novel, languages such as grief, despair, hate, and revengeShow MoreRelatedThe Movie, The Joy Luck Club, By Amy Tan1563 Words   |  7 PagesIn the movie, the Joy Luck Club, by Amy Tan, we see many examples of the challenges of intercultural translations. The movie portrays cultural conflict between Chinese culture and the American culture as portrayed by the lives of four mothers and their daughters. The mothers were born and raised in China, adopting the high-content Chinese culture, while their daughters, born and raised in America, adopted the low-context American culture. This movie clearly brings out the cultural clashes andRead MoreCritical Analysis of Mother Tongue Essay907 Words   |  4 PagesSeptember 21st, 2012 Critical Analysis Essay I have chosen â€Å"Mother Tongue† for the subject of my essay. I chose this essay because Amy Tan has a unique writing style which has tone that is clear and identifiable. Tan makes her arguments in a way that is easily understood. While her tone is sometimes humorous and captivating, it still clarifies some serious issues. These qualities among others leave Tan’s work to be desired by almost any reader because her tone and style are both genuine and upfrontRead MoreMother Tongue1199 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Mother Tongue† written by Amy Tan â€Å"So easy to read†(p.4). Amy Tan ends her essay, â€Å"Mother Tongue† with this short and even grammatically wrong sentence. She tells us this mother’s brief review is a proof of success of her writing. Why does she think that easiness is an essence of her writing? She suggests answers to this question by her essay. In her essay, Amy Tan effectively convinces her readers that â€Å"broken English† is not an inferior language, but justRead MoreHuman Oppressiveness in Two Kinds and AP Essay2357 Words   |  10 PagesIt was Emerson who said it best, â€Å"For nonconformity, the world whips you with its displeasure† (Porter 1155). With a detailed look of Amy Tan’s â€Å"Two Kinds† and John Updike’s â€Å"AP,† you will find that this quote is entirely applicable in the context of oppressiveness and in the likeness of â€Å"coming of age.† These two stories document the different perspectives of two characters’ growing up and how the role of the invisible hand of oppression guides developing adolescents into mature adults; withoutRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesEffective Leaders 396 Selecting Leaders 396 †¢ Training Leade rs 396 CONTENTS xv Summary and Implications for Managers 397 S A S A L L Self-Assessment Library What’s My Leadership Style? 368 Self-Assessment Library What’s My LPC Score? 373 glOBalization! Cross-Cultural Leadership Styles 378 Self-Assessment Library How Charismatic Am I? 382 Self-Assessment Library Am I an Ethical Leader? 386 An Ethical Choice Do Leaders Have a Responsibility to Protect Followers? 388 Myth or ScienceRead MoreImpooving Employee Performance72019 Words   |  289 Pagesyou can use or adapt. Finally, develop and implement your own program as described in Chapter 6. The whole purpose of the book is to describe a practical program of appraisal and coaching that will help improve the performance of your employees. Good luck in reaching this objective. —Donald L. Kirkpatrick Acknowledgments I have many people to thank for making the book practical. They have contributed concepts, principles, and techniques that can be used and/ or adapted to the performance appraisal