History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History - Research Paper Example Nonetheless, the civil rights movement comprised various African-Americans, who led in the struggle for racial equality, since the blacks in America were entitled to less privileges compared to the whites. This essay focuses on the civil rights movement from WWII until 1968, this therefore, is the period between 1938-1968, with special attention on major events, which indicate struggle for racial equality by African-Americans, and whether they won or lost in their different struggles for equality. Although the Civil Rights Movement is associated with the African Americans only, this was important for both African Americans and the whites. After the civil war, which was detrimental to America, the country was left with many national issues to address in order to ensure stability of the nation and its people. It was during this period, after the civil war, which is also called the reconstruction period that major civil rights movement were experienced. During this era, America had a co nsiderable number of its population comprising African Americans. These were former slaves, who upon being freed, needed to find land, build homes, settle down, and live a free life, like any other white person. Therefore, the American governments had a responsibility of addressing the needs of the former slaves in order to ensure there entry back into the society, as free people. However, when the government failed to address the issues of the African Americans in a fair way, these would rise up and demand for fair treatment and fair legislation, which did not deny them of the privileges the whites were entitled to. Therefore, this continued struggle for racial equality is what gave birth to the modern civil rights movement. Before the WWII, the American government, starting the late 19th Century, had used the legislation to enable the integration of African Americans back in the society as free people. Although the government based its decisions and legislation on the doctrine of â€Å"separate but equal,† there were vast elements of racial discrimination, as the African Americans were not free to share public space or enjoy the privileges of same legislation with the whites. Public places and amenities such as restaurants, schools, bus and railroad stages, among others, were separated between the whites and African Americans. Facilities belonging to African Americans were of poor quality, and inferior, compared to those of whites. This was one of the situations, which would result in the civil rights movement. In 1938, one major incidence that showed struggle for equal rights was experienced in one of the Southern states. In these states, there was a high level of inequality of the African Americans, compared to other states. Southern states did not allow for the admission of African Americans in institutions of higher learning, but referred them to institutions of higher learning in the northern states. However, in 1938, one African American student , who was denied admission to the University of Missouri Law School, filed a case in court, since he wanted Law in this particular university, as others did not offer law. Nonetheless, the courts ruled that the student be admitted in the university. This is one of the incidences, which portray the struggle of African Americans to gain equal opportunities with the whites in America. During the WWII, African Americans

Nursing and assessment on preparing our aged care facility for Essay

Nursing and assessment on preparing our aged care facility for accreditation - Essay Example These specialties are specifically made in order to provide a specific type of care that these demographics can and will require. These specialties also mean that in order for facilities to be allowed to provide care for certain demographics, they will need to be certified. This paper focuses on healthcare for the elderly population provided by our institution. In the past, our elderly healthcare institution has had difficulty in getting certified in 3.9: Choice and decision making for the elderly demographic. This paper’s purpose and main focus is to provide key information and important feed back on this particular issue in order to prepare the institution and its staff for 3.9: Choice and decision making certification. First, this paper will provide background information on certain topics pertaining to the elderly demographic, as well as provide nursing assessment for an elderly person. After this, the paper will detail some key features specifically pertaining to the area that the institution needs improvement on. This will be noted in order to help the institution’s nurse practitioners to better understand the concept of choice and decision making. The paper will present this information as: What is aging and what is the aging process? Assessment of an aged person. What is consumer participation? What does it entail? Barriers that hinder or impact the facility’s ability to meet standard 3.9: Choice and decision making. How to break through the mentioned barriers and how a quality framework can be used to show improvement. Conclusion What is aging and what are the common aging symptoms? Aging is a natural process that happens very commonly. According to the medical dictionary, â€Å"Human beings reach a peak of growth and development around the time of their mid 20s. Aging is the normal transition time after that flurry of activity.† The dictionary entry goes on to tell us that during this later half of life, the body becomes mo re prone to wear and tear, as well as be more susceptible to illness. (The free dictionary, 2012) This gives us a good basis as to what we can expect an aged person to be affected with, as well as what he or she may be experiencing. This also tells us about what to expect in terms of interactions with them. The process by which a person ages differs for each individual. Each person can age in a slightly different manner from everyone else, but there are general descriptions or processes about aging that is common amongst everyone. According to universe-review.ca, the aging process happens all over the body. The pace may be different for each individual but everyone ages. (2012). Here are some of common aging signs mentioned in the article: Weakening of connective tissue in the bladder, making it harder to store urine Loss of weight between ages 55-75 due to loss of lean muscle mass Bones become brittle Gradual loss of brain tissue In women, decrease in the size of breasts due to dec rease in the size of mammary glands Gradual loss of the ability to hear higher frequencies Skin wrinkles Hair thins and grays out Decrease in hormone output The body’s immune system becomes weaker Slower metabolism Decreased ability to smell Slower mental and physical response Women go through menopause Decreased sense of taste What is consumer participation? What does it entail? This section is dedicated to understanding what consumer participation is, why it is important in relation to the paper’s end goal of preparing the institution for accreditation, and how it can be applied to the day-to-day situation of the nursing care practitioners. According to http://asetts.vacau.com, in essence, consumer participation entails getting the patient involved in choosing what he feels would be

Modern Museums Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Modern Museums - Essay Example A museum collects, cares for, and researches the objects it displays. It also keeps a study collection of un-displayed objects. These objects are sometimes called artifacts and are often studied by students and researchers. These Museums preserve and exhibit paintings, sculpture, and other works of art. The collections of some art museums include work from many periods. Famous museums of this type include the Louvre in Paris and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Some museums specialize in artworks of one period. For example, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City displays works created since the late 1800's. Other museums exhibit only one type of art. The Museum of International Folk Art in Santa Fe, New Mexico, for example, specializes in folk art from around the world. They illustrate the life and events of the past. Their collections include documents, furniture, tools, and other materials. Many cities and states have historical societies that operate history museums. Most of these museums have exhibits on local history.4 Other types of history museums include living history museums. Museums of this type include living history farms, historic houses, and historic villages. These museums show how people lived or worked during a certain period. On living history farms, workers demonstrate how crops were planted and harvested in earlier times. Historic houses, such as Mount Vernon, George Washington's home near Alexandria, Virginia, have been restored to their original condition and are open to the public. Williamsburg, a historic village in Virginia, has restored and reconstructed buildings that date from the 1700's. In this village, costumed interpreters demonstrate how early colonists performed such tasks as cooking, making shoes, and printing newspapers.5 Science MuseumsSuch museums have exhibits on the natural sciences and technology. Museums of natural history exhibit displays of animals, fossils, plants, rocks, and other objects and organisms found in nature. Most of them, including the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C., have exhibits on ecology and the evolution of human beings. Many museums of natural history have special exhibits on dinosaurs and other topics.6 History and Origin of Museums Early Stage of Museums The modern public art museum owes its origins to the systematic ordering of objects that resulted from Enlightenment efforts to classify and make accessible various branches of human knowledge. The art museum's foundation, however, reflects a more fundamental attitude in Western culture, the tendency of separating certain artifacts from others to give those artifacts special reverence, especially for their aesthetic value.7 The Greek word mouseion was originally applied to a sanctuary dedicated to the muses of Greek mythology. While it soon became known

The Evolution of leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Evolution of leadership - Essay Example These are very essential in ensuring patient's wellbeing. Workers in healthcare sectors also deserve to be treated fairly in order to serve patients well. Ethical issues in healthcare sector have also evolved with time. Initially, leaders in the healthcare sector were greatly concerned about the patients' welfare only. Later on the government made decisions that greatly helped in running of healthcare facility smoothly. (Bridgit, 2005) Leaders in healthcare facilities have to ensure that ethical issues have to be adhered to. Generally, there are moral values that have to adhere to in healthcare sector. Each judgment or decision that is made in healthcare facilities has to adhere to these rules. Ethics in the healthcare sector is an issue that has not been started today. This issue can be traced back to the eighteenth and the nineteenth centuries. During this time leadership has changed hands and the leaders that have been in power have in one way or the other influenced the decisions that are made in the healthcare sector. In the year eighteen forty seven, there was the overall adoption of the overall code of ethics in the healthcare sector by the American Medical Association. Between the sixties and seventies, there was such a dramatic shift in the ethics sector. There were major changes that were made including liberalization of the whole theoretical aspects. In fact there was reconfiguration from justice that was procedurally based to bioethics in general. There are various values that underpin the entire practice in healthcare sector. These are concerned with ethical decisions and actions taken in healthcare sector. The values actually provide a framework where conflicts can easily be understood in case of occurrence in the healthcare sector. They include the following. Dignity This aspect means that patients attending a healthcare facility have the right to dignity. This does not just refer to the patient only, but the doctor or the nurse too. Autonomy Another value in line with healthcare profession is overall acceptance of right of an individual making choices by him or herself but it should be an informed one in line with their care. This means that people have the right to make their own decisions in line with health care they prefer. (Kerridge, 2006) This however should be done after being given complete and accurate information by nurses etc. This means that nurse should inform patients about care available and then respect their decision. This is whereby the patient has the overall right to choose or even accept the treatment. This means that the patient is the final decision maker concerning his or her treatment. In case the patient I incapacitated, then a close relative can make the health decisions of their behalf. Beneficence This is whereby a medical practitioner is required to act to the patient's best interest. This means that whatever action is taken by a doctor or nurse has to enhance the well being of the patient. If the action that is to be taken is not to the patient's best interest, then it would not be ethical at all. This concerns all the actions that are taken including surgery. This concept is generally very much in line with the principles of humanity. Justice This aspect involves distribution of resources in healthcare facilities. This also concerns the resources that are scarce. In this case those that are involved or the medical practitioners have to ensure that they are fair when distributing such

DESCRIBE A RESTAURANT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DESCRIBE A RESTAURANT - Essay Example As is shown consistently by the Esquire Tavern, in order to succeed in hotel business, five values are principal and indispensible: harmonious coexistence with serene environment, hygiene, high value customer care and exemplary culinary skills. One of the factors that made me fall in irrevocable love with the Esquire Tavern is its close touch with serene environment. The perpetually popular restaurant is marooned in a tacky stretch of River Walk. Impeccably pruned trees and flowers, a large swimming pool and well kept lawn grace the restaurant’s surroundings. The aforementioned beautiful trees and flowers aerate the Esquire Tavern’s environment and gentle breeze help pleasantly soothe client’s sense of smell. The restaurant is located at least 400 meters from traffic, thereby guaranteeing clients serenity while rendering Esquire Tavern an oasis in the desert of the noise and the rough and tumble of the outside world. Inside the restaurant, the large swimming pool which is compartmentalized in its own yard easily complements the usefulness of the scorching high noon sun. The vastness of the Esquire Tavern provides customers with the power to choose between eating from the many spacious hotel rooms or from outside. Any client who has visited the Esquire Tavern will often testify of having been confused like a termite in a yo-yo when it comes to choosing a table. This is because, contrary to popular opinion that open air tables are more comfortable, the Esquire Tavern’s hotel rooms are equally appealing. Aesthetically stamped tin ceilings, an evocative wallpaper and 100ft-long wooden bar greet all clients who walk into the Esquire Tavern reception and hotel rooms (Trip Advisor, 1). In a closely related wavelength, the Esquire Tavern has constantly and consistently endeared itself to its customers by serving them with cuisine tasty enough to tickle anyone’s taste buds. At the Esquire Tavern, devilled eggs get studded with flowery pink peppercorns, while

Tok Persuasion Essay Example for Free

Tok Persuasion Essay 1. Persuasion through images.(IV) Images are often not appealing to reason, but to emotions. This is not to say that a lot of thought does not go into graphical expression, but that the images are all ways aimed at moving the viewer visually. For example a form of visual theatre, burlesque will often attack something by representing it so as to look inane. In this case there is an interpreting process going on, but the audience must necessarily have an emotional response to what they see. Expression through images may have some interpreting process that the audience must make, but the final appeal will rely on our emotions. Another good example is political cartoons. Because political cartoons are able to make some aspect of an event look inane, they appeal to the audiences emotions so that they will adopt a certain political view. In this it relies on the audiences reason to interpret the relationship and consequences represented in the cartoon, but the final result it aims for is a emotional response. But some photos will appeal only to are straight visceral response. For example, the photos asking for charity will usually feature children, which we will naturally feel pity for. In this case the photograph is appealing straight to our pity and natural sympathy towards children. In other cases the appeal may be anger. And beyond that this emotion is often manipulated through association. For example there are, in my opinion, a bit too many images portraying Obama aside Stalin, or other prominent figures in the USSR. This is not reason, but an attempt to stir up a visceral response of hatred and distrust. 2.Persuasion through language. Language is our prime source of communication. We our so adept at communicating things through language that we may be able to change the meaning something has through the slightest change in words. This is because humans create connotations of words that can sometimes drift apart from people’s reaction towards the literal meaning of the word. In other words, people build an emotional reaction towards the words themselves. Using this, people that have the intention of manipulating other’s emotions may do so, through charging their language with words that will stir emotions. For example, when making a moving speech, people will often use phrases such as â€Å" our liberty and freedom† , â€Å"a mans right†. Because these words are  positively charged. On the converse of that, people may charge their language very negatively, in order to associate their opponent with those negative reactions. For example, when you compare someone to Hitler, that is usually not an appeal to reason, but a very strong statement associating the opponent with something that is abominated. The argument made through negative association may take the form of logic, ie a comparison, but is not an appeal to logic but to emotion. In other cases governments may introduce neutrally charged words to take the stead of the words that people appall. For example the government will call killing people neutralizing, because the word â€Å"kill† is completely saturated with the social abhorrence of murder. In other cases people may use language in a lawyerly fashion to make something sound like something without exactly saying such a thing. For example when a Politician represents his opponent he may often use ambiguous language which doesn’t quite state what is referred to, but makes the listener assume a particular thing, like when people talk of president Obama’s â€Å"dubious past† people are let to assume anything they want from him being an immigrant to him being involved in crime, while the speaker does not have to commit himself to making an explicit accusation. Sometimes assumptions people make based on language can be used to trick them in to assuming you’re innocents. For example if someone was to borrow a gun from a friend to kill another man, and that someone is asked if he killed a man, that someone may respond â€Å"I don’t even own a gun†. A common term for this is equivocation. The man is not telling a lie, but stating a fact in a very misleading way. 3 Macbeth is full of the milk of human kindness = What is full of the milk of human kindness is Macbeth. For a mortal to get all our homework done is as hard as a camel going through the eye of a needle.=Fot a camel to go through an eye of a needle is as hard as a mortal getting all of our homework done. 4. What are 5 emotional appeals? Appeals to emotions are made everyday and it is so pervasive that we are unaware of how people use our emotions to persuade us to act in a certain way. For example the charity campaigns that want to cajole us into helping the needy will necessarily use emotional appeals. These appeals maybe generally categorized into two types, the appeals to empathy, or the appeals to our concerns about self-identity. In the example of charity campaigns  there are often these two kinds of manipulation acting together. First of all the view will feel empathy for the starving children. Children are used because it is human nature to feel more compassion towards children. These ads are appealing to pity to try to get us to support their cause. And some will also use words which will attempt to guilt us into supporting the cause with campaigns that will call into question our morality with captions such as â€Å"would this happen in your country?†. Through this we are brought to think that not supporting this cause would contradict our sense of ethics. In this case the manipulation uses our concern over our self-image as moral people. The beauty industry is infamous for manipulations of our concern with self-image. In this case they will often make woman feel that their self worth is only in their appearance and that they must use products to achieve this. That is why the models displaying the products are impossibly beautiful regardless of the product, and they are further airbrushed to complete the unachievable image of perfection. These airbrushed models make woman feel inadequate as they are, and lead them to desperately try these products in attempt to assuage their feeling lack of confidence. In other cases they may use our alliance to a particular cause to make us do things. This takes advantage of our categorical way of thinking. For example political parties may appeal to our patriotism to justify wars. In fact in most wars it is claimed that their war is a defensive war to protect their people. When Japan invaded further north in China they said that the advancement of their army line was to protect their area from the Russians. This kind of concern for identity is also used to manipulate us because this causes us to be competitive.. Our competitive drive is manipulated in some campeigns, for example the NIS school pet bottle cap drive in order to make us collect more caps. These campaigns will place emphasis on what we did comparatively to others rather than letting us be content with the fact that we did the thing. 5.  I think this means that his accomplishments were capable because of the foundation that his predecessors created for him. I think that this is true, and that the construction of a collective of knowledge greatly facilitates scientific advancements. We can not give credit for the invention of computers to only one man, because the invention was only made possible by  all the men who helped advance the sciences hitherto. The collective of knowledge and the sharing of it is essential to the advancement of science, as we can see in the spurt of technological progress which came with globalization, or the stagnation of advancements in countries where the common people were illiterate. Paradigms are essential to scientific pursuit. 6.  A problematic premises are premises that are actually mere assumptions. These can edge their way into arguments without us noticing it because the premises are often not put under scrutiny. A statement made on a false premise will be true only if the premises are correct. Or in cases of circular argument the premise itself may be the conclusion, hence not having a premise even though it takes a form of an argument with reason. For example the argument â€Å"Teachers should use the shared NIS calendar when assigning work because its what they should do.† Is a completely absurd argument because the premise that supports the argument is the same as the proposition. Sometimes premises that don’t actually validate the claim may be used. For example the statement â€Å"you should be thankful for what you have because kids are starving in Africa.† In this there is no strong logical connection between the premises and the statement that we should not want to improve our situation. 7.  In this it is implied that the student was cheating before. Further more it is a satire against the support of competitive ethos in which the unscrupulous get ahead, and yet the same time condemning these amoralities. 8.  One is a generalization that targets a group. These generalizations will assume that an individual is a certain way because there is a certain stereotype of his group. For example one may think that all African-Americans like chicken. These types of stereotypes are particularly troublesome because people can have a way of only observing cases that prove the stereotype right. Other than that there are maxims that people create and use to assume something based on another thing that the person did do. For example if the statement â€Å"evil people don’t finish their homework† was  to be taken as a maxim then one might assume that a person who didn’t finish their homework is evil. Maxims necessarily do not encompass all people in all circumstances. And it is vary likely that a student could not finish the work because of her disregard of time, rather than being evil. Although it is also very likely that the student is deliberately trying to sabotage the class by getting to sleep before 3am. Then there are generalizations that oversimplify a persons belief. For example some people may attack left wingers for wanting a communist nation. Although Communists and the democratic party may both be further left than the republican party the beliefs of members in the democratic party vary greatly, and should not be summarized by terms such as â€Å"communist†, which would be making unwarranted associations. 9.  One area of study in which grayscale may be seen is Historiography. For example historians may take the same data, but view it under a completely different light. In academia today when all scholars have access to the same information, a liberal historian will take all of the incriminating evidence to support his thesis that Stalin was, or had close affiliations to Satan, whereas a revisionist would take almost the same evidence to make a conclusion that, I quote â€Å"Stalin liked children†. This may affect our plane judgments even though there are more ways of viewing things. For example one may say that the novel â€Å"fifty shades of gray† is completely vapid and shallow, whereas another may find deep meaning in it. Both are entitled to their own opinions, but the fact is that neither can be said to be the truth while both views are valid. It is not something with only one side to it, and the reader has the liberty to form their own interpretations. This can also be seen in religions. Religions take the same human experience of living and interpret it in completely different ways. One religion may see us as being born sinners in need of redemption, whereas another religion may view life as being an existence in which we try to become closer to god, and some people may think life is meaningless, and some may take a solipsistic view of humans. These are all valid, but the fact is that there is only one human existence, and these are different ways of interpreting it. It would be wrong to completely reject views different from that of your own. 10  One kind flawed clause is when the clause does not logical contribute to the conclusion, but makes the conclusion seem self evident. For example if I were to insert the word â€Å"obviously† into a statement before a clause it will give the assertion false credibility. The two sentences â€Å"If he committed a crime he is evil† and â€Å"If he committed a crime obviously he is evil† are an example of this. The clause â€Å"obviously† imputes that it is self evident, therefore leading the reader to accept the statement without scrutiny. Another kind could be when a clause is used to make an assertion of a causal relationship where there is none. For example in the sentence â€Å"I have periorbital dark circles because I have three assignments and four tests crammed into two days.† Although it is absolutely bizarre to think that sleep deprivation could possibly have any relation with dark circles under a student’s eyes, this sentence imputes that there is a causal relationship between black circles, sleep deprivation and the amount of work a student has. 11  Christ Hedges mainly believes that countries use the idea of patriotism to go to war. He believes that we glorify war by creating grand narratives. In this I think he is referring to the rationales countries provide. For example the â€Å"war against terror† has a name that makes it seam like they are a force of justice fighting evil, whereas in actuality they themselves are amoral, as they are committing mass carnage. 12  Although it is a hard distinction and there are many things that sit in the cross section between these two, if I were to make a clear differentiation I would say that propaganda necessarily persuades people to act in a certain way by controlling and taking away their choice of what information they have access to. Where as the term persuasion simply means to use any method to manipulate some one’s will.

The Original Wason Card Selection Problem Essay Example for Free

The Original Wason Card Selection Problem Essay For many years, the Wason card selection problem has proved useful for psychologists and other experts in the study of human reasoning and logical ability (Kahneman Tversky 1982; Almor Sloman 1996; Yama 2001; Fiddick, Cosmides, Tooby 2000). One of the most popularly used tools in the assessment of the cognitive architecture of humans, the Wason card selection task tests the participants’ logical intuitions based on conditional implications (Almor Sloman 1996). The task likewise proves whether the human mind â€Å"implements rules of logical inference† (Fiddick, Cosmides, Tooby, 2000) by the subjects’ demonstrated ability â€Å"to endorse a statement of a general rule† or an argument to counter the rule. (Kahneman Tversky 1982) In the original version of the Wason card selection, the participants of the experiment were shown four cards showing A, T, 4, and 7 by the experimenter. They are then asked to choose which card/s they would turn-over to test the rule â€Å"if a card has a vowel on one side, it has an even number on the other† (Wason 1966) or the probability of the relationship â€Å"if p then q† within the four cards. The Wason selection task is structured so that the four cards are limited to display the instances of a true antecedent (TA) or a false antecedent (FA) on the side shown to the subjects, and a true consequent (TC) or a false consequent (FC) on the other. (Yama 2000) Alternatively, the first side shows instances of ‘p’ and ‘not p’ and ‘q’ and ‘not q’ on the side not shown to the subjects. (Dawson, Gilovich, Regan 2002) What has interested many psychologists and experts is the fact that the typical success rate for solving Wason’s problem in experiments conducted is only around twenty percent (20%). (Dawson, Gilovich, Regan 2002) The most common mistake committed by the participants in the card selection process is choosing the cards with A and 4 or A only instead of the correct response that should have been the cards with A or the p-card and 7 or the not-q card because â€Å"an observation of an odd number on the first card (A) or a vowel on the second card (7) would refute the rule.† (Kahneman Tversky 1982). Researchers suggest that this failure from the part of the subjects to provide the correct answers despite the latent simplicity of the problem may be due to the fact that the problem is not represented in its simple logical form (Fiddick, Cosmides, Tooby 2000), confusing many subjects. On the other hand, a growing number of scholars point out to the role of confirmation bias—or the way that human beings systematically seek for instances that would confirm a theory rather than for instances to refute a theory—as a major hindrance to the effective use of logic and reasoning skills of humans (Klayman Ha 1987; Dawson, Gilovich, Regan 2002) which may also explain why majority of the participants fail in the Wason card selection. Other variations to the task have since been developed. For instance, the task is now being used to test not only the human ability for abstract reasoning but also in deontic reasoning. A variation of the Wason card experiment, one that involves only the number sequence 2-4-6 has also been used to study the process of hypotheses-formation among human beings (Cherubini, Castelvecchio, Cherubini 2005). However, the debate on the way that humans approach problems—whether they indeed express problems in logical form—has yet to be settled. (Fiddick, Cosmides, Tooby 2000) This study therefore aims to replicate Wason’s original experiment of the four-card selection problem to test whether the same results would be achieved as in the original experiment and to examine whether confirmation bias remained a major problem in answering the tasks for many of the participants. Works Cited: Kahneman, D. A. Tversky. (1982). On the study of statistical intuitions. Cognition, 11: 123-141 Dawson, E., Gilovich, T., D.T. Regan (2002). Motivated reasoning and performance on the Wason selection task. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28:1379. Almor, A. S.A. Sloman (1996). Is deontic reasoning special? Psychological Review, 103: 374-380. Yama, H. (2001). Matching versus optimal data selection in the Wason selection task. Thinking and Reasoning, 7(3): 295-311. Fiddick, L., Cosmides, L., J. Tooby. (2000). No interpretation without representation: The role of domain-specific representations and inferences in the Wason selection task. Cognition, 77: 1-79. Wason, P.C. (1966). Reasoning. In B.M. Foss (Ed.), New horizons in psychology. Harmondsworth: Penguin. Klayman, J. Y. Ha (1987). Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing. Psychological Review, 94(2): 211-228. Cherubini, P., Castelvecchio, E., A. M. Cherubini. (2005). Generation of hypotheses in Wason’s 2-4-6 task: An information theory approach. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 58A(2): 309-332